Lecture 1

 
 

The nature and method of economics

or, limits, alternatives, and choices

 
 

Purpose of this chapter: to introduce concepts important in the course

 
 

Know answers of questions to ponder - key to passing course

 
 

An economy : is a system for producing, consuming and distributing wealth (and income)

 
 

Economics - the study of the choices people make in using scarce resources to meet their wants.

• Or how society individuals, and institutions make optimal (best) choices under conditions of scarcity
  

   
   

Characteristics of the resource capital:

Is people made

Takes current resources to produce

Enhances future production

Can be enhanced through investment

 
 

Examples : factories, buildings, machines, etc

 
 

Note :things like stocks and bonds and money are not capital

in the sense of economics

 
 

Free good: A good is a free good when the amount available is a greater than the amount people want a zero price

• Very hard to find
  

 
 

Economic good: a good is an economic good when the amount available is less than the amount people want at a zero price.

 
 

Question 8 :

Economic perspective

Scarcity and choices:

• Individuals, firms, and the gov't face constraints because of scarcity
  
  • Constraints:
    
    • Individuals: income, prices, and time
      
    • Businesses: prices of inputs, production, techniques, and firm revenues.
      
    • Governments: revenues for budgets
      
• Choices entail costs and benefits
  
• People make choices based on costs and benefits
  

 
 

Rational behavior (that is: purposeful behavior):

• People are adaptable and respond to changes in perceived costs
  

  and benefits
  

   
   

Marginal analysis( or economic perspective):

• Undertake activity if marginal benefits exceed marginal costs.
  

 
 

Economics provides a framework for analyzing a whole host of problems

 
 

Microeconomics - small parts comprising the economy

• Wages
  
• Prices
  
• Output
  
• Employment
  

   
   

Macroeconomics - has to do with the overall economy (aggregates).

• Wages
  
• Prices
  
  • Consummate prices
    
• Output
  
  • GDP
    
• Employment
  
  • More than the 100 million people employed
    

     
     

Key themes:

• Scarcity
  
  • There are not resources to satisfy everyone's wants and needs
    
• Choice
  
  • Decisions made under the circumstance of scarcity
    
• Resources (factors of production)
  
  • Labor
    
    • Physical Labor (muscle power)
      
    • Innate ability
      
  • Capital
    
    • Physical Capital
      
    • Money is not capital only claims on physical goods
      
    • Human capital
      
      • Can be upgraded
        
    • Land = all natural resources
      
      • Forests
        
      • Minerals
        
      • Water
        
      • Etc.
        
    • Entrepreneur
      
• Specialization
  
  • It enhances society's output
    
    • How?
      
      • Ability differences
        
      • Learning by doing
        
      • Saving time
        
    • In short, specialization ( both human and geographical) is essential in achieving efficiency in the use of resources
      
• Exchange
  
  • Change of goods
    

     
     

What is a theory, principle law?

 
 

Theory: a logical

• If this, suppose.
  

   
   

Positive statement- "What is " statement - focuses on facts and cause and effect

Normative statement - "what ought to be" statement - what an economy should be like

 
 

• Why do economists disagree -
  
  • About the theory
    
  • About how to apply a theory, i.e don't like the outcome
    

     
     

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

 
 

Issues

Thursday, August 30, 2007

1:27 PM

 
 

1. Suppose we are all granted 100 billion with which we can do whatever we choose. Therefore, one can assert that we are no longer subject to scarcity.
   

    
    

   You may assume that (true, false, uncertain) the goods and services can be produced.
   

    
    

   FALSE, There is still a constraint on time which you can not get around
   

    
    

2. Poverty, and scarcity mean the same thing?
   

    
    

   You can eliminate poverty but you can never eliminate scarcity.
   

   People can come up with a def. of poverty and once your out of that range you can come out of poverty however you can never get rid of scarcity.
   

    
    

    
    

 
 

 
 

Lecture 2

Tuesday, September 04, 2007

12:31 PM

 
 

Review on Wednesday 4:30 342B Purnell

 
 

Constraints and Choices

Individuals : income, prices, and time

Business : prices of inputs, production techniques and firm revenues

Governments: revenues for budgets
 

Scarcity and choices:

• Individuals, firms, and the government face constraints because of scarcity
  
• Choices entail costs and benefits
  
• People make choices based on costs and benefits
  

   
   

Rational Behavior (that is : purposeful behavior):

• People are adaptable and respond to changes in perceived costs and benefits
  

   
   

Marginal analysis (Economic Perspective)

• Undertake activity if marginal benefits exceed marginal costs
  

   
   

 
 

CHAPTER 2 - The economizing problem

Questions to ponder

 
 

• Scarcity and Choice
  
• Opportunity cost:
  
  • The cost of a good or service measured in terms of the lost opportunity to pursue the best alternative activity^ with the same time and resources
    
    • Alternatively the opportunity cost of alternative x is the value of the best alternative activity given up when activity x is chosen
      
• Productive Efficiency: The property of acting with a minimum expense, effort, and waste. Produce goods at least cost!
  

  Allocative Efficiency: Resources are used to obtain the particular mix of products society wants the most. Produce what society wants at least cost.
  

  If society is NOT acting efficiently, output could be increased with the same amount of resources.
  

  Criteria used by policy makes :
  

  • Equity, Equality, or Fairness
    
  • Liberty - freedom to act how you want in an economic world with out government intervention
    
• The Production Possibility frontier - A graph showing the maximum possible combinations of goods that can be produced in an economy given the available factors of production and technology (at a fixed point in time)
  
  • PPF = PPC - curve
    
    • Assume:
      
      • Full employment and full production
        
      • Only two products: Guns and Roses
        
      • Fixed Technology
        
      • Fixed resources
        

         
         

• Marginal analysis refers to an analysis that involves examining a small increase or decrease in a particular economic activity.
   
  

  Opportunity costs are ( MUST BE ) avoidable!
  

  Sunk Costs: costs not recoverable at the time of the decision
  

  Only future costs and benefits are relevant to economic decision making
  Marginal costs - FUTURE GAINS OR BENEFIT
  

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Lecture 3

Thursday, September 06, 2007

12:31 PM

Opportunity cost of time-

CP 8 - Concord

 
 

NO SACRIFICE NO OPPORTUNITY

 
 

Key Idea in PG 12: When you divide on number by another, you interpret the result as the value in the numerator per one unit of what's in the denominator

 
 

Total income/ population

Result: income per (one) person

 
 

Change in roses / change in guns

Changes in roses per one unit change in guns

 
 

Change in guns / change in roses

Changes in guns per one unit change in roses

 
 

Why does the opportunity cost of extra guns in terms of roses foregone rise as we produce more guns?

 
 

Law of increasing relative costs or law of increasing opportunity cost

 
 

First to move out of
an industry are the best at producing the other good (in this case roses) and the least best at producing roses

 
 

• Explain curve of the graph since resources are not equally adaptable thus when you get closer to the origin then you lose more skilled workers in that industry
  
  • You give up more roses since the best rose makers are being transferred to do a job they are not that good at
    

     
     

Why is the PPC curve bowed out?

 
 

Resources are not equally adaptable in

 
 

How can we illustrate the concept of scarcity in the PPC?

This is the maximum production since this is given ideal land, labor

 
 

How can we illustrate the concept of unemployment in the PPC?

Drawing a point in the graph ( unemployment is inefficient)

 
 

Suppose the technology for guns improves with no effect on roses.

What will happen to the PPC?

The PPC curve will shift out.

 
 

Illustrate a natural disaster or war in the PPC?

The curve shifts in

 
 

Economic Growth?

The curve shifts to the right.

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Lecture 3 - A ch3(1-8)

Thursday, September 06, 2007

1:28 PM

Chapter 3

 
 

Purpose of the Chapter - To show how prices and quantities are determined in a market Economy

 
 

Questions to Ponder

1. What is meant by the concept "law of demand"?
   

   Demand - A relation showing the various maximum amounts of a commodity that buys are willing and able to purchase at different prices, during a given amount of time, all other factors the same
   

   1. Commodity - any good or service
      
   2. Buyers - we are dealing with consumers
      
      1. Households - their objective to maximize satisfaction
         
   3. You may be willing to purchase an item but not able due to your budget
      
      1. Effective demand - being both willing and able to purchase a good or service
         
   4. Demand has a time element - it is a flow concept
      
   5. All other factors the same: ceteris paribus
      
      1. Objective : isolate the effect of a change in the price of good x, ceteris paribus
         

          
          

   Law of Demand : the law that the quantity of a good demanded by buyers tends to increase as the price of the good decreases and tends to decrease as the price increases, other things being equal
   

    
    

2. What does an economist mean by the term relative prices?
   

   Price relative to other products / income
   

    
    

   How does this relate to the law of demand?
   

   If relative price remains the same then demand is the same, other wise it changes
   

    
    

3. What are three ways to show this law? Graphs
   

    
    

4. What is the difference between a Change in Quantity demanded of a good or service and a Change in Demand of a good or service?
   

    
    

   Up - change in demand
   

   Down - change in demand
   

    
    

   Change in demand - shift the whole curve
   

• Because of any of the detriments
  

 
 

Increase in demand - the quantity demanded is more at each price

• At a given quantity people are willing to purchase
  

   
   

Decrease in demand - the quantity demanded is less at each price

 
 

PYNTE - prices of related goods

 
 

Economic analyses of demand and supply assume that ALL economic players rely on relative prices when making decisions!

 
 

Why can we assume price changes are relative price changes?

 
 

Lodgers - Scarcity choice sacrifice opp. Cost technology effiency

Health care -scarcity, rationing ( who is getting the good), opp. Cost, efficiency, capital, resources, economic perspective, incentives to adjust to changes in constraints, normative (ethics), profit maximization

 
 

• What is meant by the term "Law of Supply"?
  

  The relation showing various maximum amounts of a commodity that sellers would be willing and able to make available for sale at alternative prices during a given period of time, all other factors the same.
  

   
   

  Sellers or firms - they are different people from households and make their decisions for different reasons - profit maximization
  

   
   

  Household's objective : maximize satisfaction
  

   
   

  What kind of relationship would we expect to exist between the price of a good and the quantity supplied by producers? (positive? Negative?)
  

   
   

  Law of supply: the law that the quantity of a good supplied by producers tends to increase as the price of the good increases and tends to decrease as the price decreases, other things being equal
  

   
   

  Things that could affect supply - availability, price of inputs, technology, price of beef, taxes and subsidies, nature
  

   
   

  In order to entice
  

   
   

• What does an economist mean by the term relative prices?
  If all things remain the same
  

   
   

• Ways to show law of supply?
  

1. Tables
   
2. Graphs
   
3. Equations
   

    
    

1. What is the difference between a change in quantity supplied of a good or service and a change in supply good or service?
   

   Only thing that can cause a change of demand of beef or change of supply of beef is PRICE.
   

    
    

   Increase of supply
   

   At a given price suppliers will put more on the market than at the previous supply curve
   

   Before increase in supply the price will go down.
   

   At a given quantity seller are now willing to put the same quantity for a lower price.
   

    
    

   Decrease of supply
   

   At a given price suppliers will put less on the market than at the previous supply curve
   

   At a given quantity seller are now willing to put the same quantity for a higher price
   

    
    

   T : Technology - curve will shift to the right
   

    
    

   I : Inputs prices and availability - curve goes up (decreases in supply)
   

    
    

   P : Prices of related goods -
    
   

   T : Taxes and subsidies - taxes (decrease in supply) / subsidies (Increase in supply
   

    
    

   E : Expectations
   

    
    

   N : nature and numbers of suppliers
   

    
    

    
    

    
    

    
    

    
    

    
    

 
 

 
 

Lecture 4 - ch3 (9-14)

Thursday, September 13, 2007

12:26 PM

1. What is meant by the concept of equilibrium?
   

   Why is the concept of equilibrium important to the discussion of supply and demand?
   

    
    

   Equilibrium : A position which if you attain it there is no incentive to change.
   

    
    

   In our analysis: equilibrium occurs at a price where the amounts of beef that producers are willing to place on the market just equal the amounts of beef that consumers are willing to purchase
   

   There is no incentive to change
   

    
    

2. What are the different ways to illustrate the concept of equilibrium in supply and demand?
   

   Qd = Qs
   

    
    

3. When a particular market is not in equilibrium, what role do inventories play in helping guide the market back to equilibrium?
   

   
   Shortage - as used in economics, an excess quantity demanded at a given price. = excess demand- sellers market
   

    
    

   Shortage is not scarcity
   

    
    

   Consumers are competing for quantity of goods - price goes up
   

    
    

   Surplus - excess supply - buyers market
   

    
    

4. How do equilibrium prices and quantities change in response to changes in demand and / or supply
   

    
    

    
    

   An equation can be represented by
   

   Y = mx +B
   

   Here Y is the variable on the vertical Axis, and x is the variable on the Horizonta
   

    
    

   Therefore, m = (change in Y) / (change in x)
   

    
    

   In our context the equation for the demand curve is : P = A - m
   

    
    

   What is the slope of the line?
   

   What is the Y - intercept ?
   

   P = A - Mq : m = (change in P) / Change in Q)
   

   P = 1 - .1Q (change in P / change in Q) =
   

    
    

    
    

    
    

    
    

    
    

 
 

 
 

Lecture 5

Thursday, September 20, 2007

12:34 PM

Chapter 4

The Market System and the Circular Flow

 
 

Chapter 5

The Mixed Economy : Private and Public Sectors

 
 

1. What does the economist mean by the term market?
    
   

   Market : any arrangement that people have for trading with one another. (consists of buys and sellers of a particular good or service)
   

    
    

   Examples of Markets?
   

• Some are limited to a specific time and place
  
• Some span a large territory where participants never meet each other
  
• Some are very sophisticated, some are not
  
• Some are crazy markets
  

   
   

1. What are the basic characteristics of an efficiently functioning market economy?
   

    
    

• Private property and freedom to negotiate binding legal contracts - CRITICAL
  
• Property rights: property legally acquired is protected from invasions by others
  
  • People are free to exchange or give away property as long as their actions do not violate other people's similar rights.
    
• Freedom of enterprise and choice
  
  • Individuals can be entrepreneurs
    
  • Workers can choose jobs
    
  • Consumers can buy what they want
    
  • Owners can use resources as they want
    
  • There is limited government
    

  Democracy indicates the durability of freedoms
  

  Security of property:
  

  • Taxes are non confiscatory
    
  • Contracts are enforced
    
  • Trade is free
    
  • Etc..
    

     
     

  People need to know these freedoms will not disappear
  

   
   

• Markets and prices coordinate economic activity
  

   
   

  Ration function of prices: Is the process by which prices direct the existing supply of a product to users who value it most highly (consumers side of the market)
  

   
   

  Allocative function of prices :process by which prices signal resources to enter into the production of goods and services whose prices exceeds the cost of production and away from production of goods whose prices lie below production costs (producers side of the market)
  

  
  Markets provide information through prices and profits
  

   
   

• Self interest is the driving force behind capitalism
  

   
   

• Competition among buyers and sellers is a controlling mechanism
  

   
   

• There is a limited role of government (laissez faire)
  Minimal government intervention into the economy
  
  • Enforce contracts
    
  • Provide for public goods
    
  • Provide key services to the public
    
  • Account for market failures
    
  • Regulate markets where appropriate
    

   
   

• Specialization according to comparative advantage.
  

   
   

  Comparative Advantage : a state or nation ( or person) has a comparative advantage in some product when it can produce it at a lower opportunity cost than some other state or nation ( or person)
  

   
   

  Comparative Advantage Example : should Tiger Woods mow his own lawn or hire someone to do
  

  it?
  

   
   

   
   

  Bases of Comparative Advantage
  

  For individuals :
  

  • Human and Physical Capital
    
  • Skill and ability (Natural Endowments)
    
  • Superior Knowledge
    
  • Experience
    

  
  For different countries:
  

  • Different endowments of fertile soil and minerals
    
  • Different amounts of skilled labor
    
  • Different levels of technical knowledge
    

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

Pg 1-6

American Stories

• 1469 - Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon married and forged a stronger Christian Spain
  
  • Expelled all the Jews and Muslims from Spain
    
• 1509- Tecuichpotzin - was born into royalty - when her father died her uncle claimed her then she eventually became the wife of the last Aztec emperor
  
  • Once the Spanish conquered the Aztec she became one of Cortés's mistresses
    
    • Gave birth to seven children and paved the way for the mestizaje - mixed race
      
• Queen Elizabeth I - established her power in England and the Protest church
  
  • She was feared by many rulers
    
  • Paved the way for colonies - as she saw it as a source of great power and wealth
    
    • Invested her own money + fought with Spanish for Maritime rights
      
• 1595 - Queen Njinga - ruler of Angola which fought / led a fierce resistance to Portuguese rule / slave trade
  

  
  

  The Peoples of America Before Columbus
  

  
  

  Migration to the Americas
  

• Arrival of humans in America dates back to about 35,000 BCE
  
  • Main migration apparently occurred between 11,000 and 14,000 years ago
    
• Humans are thought to have used the Bering Straight to cross into America
  

  
  

  Hunters, Farmers, and Environmental Factors
  

• Earliest inhabitants evolved into separate cultures, adjusting to various environments in distinct ways
  
  • By the 1400's "Indians of America were enormously diverse in language, society, and social organization
    
• Early humans quickly adapted as food became more plentiful and climate changed
  
• 9,000 to 7000 years ago an agricultural revolution allowed natives to have control over once ungovernable natural resources
  
• Stalinization and deforestation caused many civilization to find new ways to adapt
  
• Village life began to replace nomadic existence
  
• More ample food fueled population growth, large groups split off to form separate societies
  
  • Men cleared the land and hunted, women tended the crops
    
• Regional trading networks formed allowing people to exchange culturally
  

  
  

  Mesoamerican Empires
  

• Valley of Mexico became the center of the largest societies that emerged
  
  
  • Aztecs used their warrior skills to subjugate small tribes and taking over most of Mesoamerica
    
    • Capital Tenochtitlan - "place of the prickly pear cactus" - a canal-ribbed city
      
  • Four classes in Aztec Society - Nobility, free commoners, serfs, and slaves
    
• 1519 - Spanish arrived and found their way to the msot advanced civilization in the Americas
  
• Through hydraulic engineering the Aztecs cultivated chinampas - floating gardens
  

Pg 6-10

Wednesday, September 05, 2007

1:06 AM

Regional North American Cultures

• The hohokam and anasazi had developed a sedentary village life thousands of years before the Spanish arrived
  
• Pueblo people = 1200 CE - developed villages composed of large, terraced, buildings, with many rooms often constructed around defensive sites.
  
  • By the time the Spanish arrived in the 1540s the Pueblo were using canals, dams, and hillside terracing
    
  • Pueblo society resembled that of peasant communities in many parts of Europe and Asia
    
• Tlingit, kwakiutl, Salish, and haida people lived in villages of several hundred, drawing their sustenance from salmon and other fishes
  
• Native American societies have been traced as far back as about 9000 BCE
  
• A variety of tribes came to be loosely associated in four main language groups
  
  • Algonquian -Iroquoian - Muskhogean - Siouan
    
• Like other societies they had been transformed by a agricultural revolution, gradually adopting semi-fixed settlements and developing trading networks that linked together societies occupying a vast region
  
• Europeans thought native Americans were primitive forest people
  
• Mound builders
  
  • Ohio valley mound builders
    
    • Are believed to have participated in vast trading network liking together hundreds of Indian Villages
      
    • The mound building society of the Ohio valley declined many centuries before the Europeans arrived
      
  • Mississippi mound builders - Arose around 600 CE in the Mississippi river valley
    
    • Its "capital" Chokia had at least in excess of 20,000 people, the first metropolis in America
      
      • Encompassed hundreds of villages from Wisconsin to Louisiana and from Oklahoma to Tennessee
        
• The numerous small tribes that arose after the mound builders declined were far from "savages" as the Europeans had described
  
• Most of the eastern woodlands tribes lived in waterside villages
  

The Iroquois

• Five tribes comprised the "League of the Iroquois"-
  
  • Mohawk - Oneidas - Onondagas - Cayugas - Senecas
    
• By the time the Europeans arrived there were perhaps 10,000 people in this group
  
• When the Europeans started to arrive the Iroquois created a more cohesive political confederacy
  
  • Villages gained stability
    
  • Populations increased
    
  • Developed political mechanisms for solving internal problems
    
• This facilitated the development of a coordinated Iroquois policy for dealing with European new comers
  
  Pre-Contact Population
  
• Estimates of Native American population have been wrong in the past because of the conventional view that Indian societies were composed of small groups of nomadic hunters and gatherers
  
  • Agricultural techniques were capable of sustaining large societies
    
  • The best estimates have about 50 to 70 million people living in the entire hemisphere when Europeans first arrived
    
    • Contrasting 70 to 90 million in Europe + Russia
      
• The colonizers were not coming to a "virgin wilderness" but to a land inhabited for thousands of years by people whose village existence resembled that of the early Europeans
  

Pg 10-16

Friday, September 07, 2007

11:10 AM

`

Pg 37-48

Monday, September 03, 2007

1:53 AM

England Looks West

• 17th century - the English, Dutch, and French began overtaking European rivals
  
  • Between 1604 and 1640 the English planted several small colonies producing sugar and tobacco
    

  
  

England Challenges Spain

• England was the slowest of the Atlantic powers to begin exploring and colonizing the new World
  
  • Had little experience colonizing
    
  • Claims of John Cabot gave England any claim in the New World
    
  • England's interest centered primarily around fish
    
    • English and French drove off Spanish and Portuguese fisherman from the Newfoundland banks
      
• 1524-1535 : Jacques Cartier and Giovanni de Verrazano sailed across the Atlantic
  
  • Tried to find a water route around the northern landmass
    
    • Believed that the settlements along the northern east coast held no immediate value
      
• Population growth and rising prices made economic conditions worse which made people look for new opportunities
  
• Queen Elizabeth
  
  • Ruled from 1558 to 1603
    
  • She favored Protestantism - vehicle for national independence
    
  • Was ruled a heretic and was excommunicated in 1571 - church absolved subjects from paying her
    
    • In an attempt to overthrow her
      
• 1587 - conflict arose between Catholic Spain and Protestant England
  
  • King Phillip vowed to crush the Dutch rebellion (1580's) and decided to attack England to wipe out the Protestant power
    
• 1585 Queen Elizabeth sent 6,000 English troops to aid the Dutch Protestants
  
• Francis Drake
  
  • Raided Spanish shipping on the coasts of Mexico and Peru
    
  • Looted the city and touched off an epidemic that killed many Floridian natives
    
    • "English god that made them die so fast"
      
• 1958 - King Phillip was infuriated by the looting and the attack on the Spanish ships so he sent his armada to England
  
  • The battle raged off the coast of England and the Spanish armada was defeated
    
    • Led to more freedom of the sea's as the Spanish no longer held supreme power in the seas
      

      
      

The Westward Fever

• Richard Hakluyt - uncle and nephew who in the 1580's and 1580's advertised the advantages of crossing the Atlantic
  
  • Merchants - new markets
    
  • Protestant clergy - land to be saved and free from Spanish Catholicism
    
  • Commoner - free land for the taking
    
• Ireland - 1560's and 1570's England conquered parts of the Ireland through brutal military conquest
  
  • Became a new frontier for English to claim wealth and land
    
  • "new world" colonization got ideas from the colonization of Ireland
    
• 1585 - 1588 - Colony of Roanoke Island is founded off N.C coast
  
  • Settlers vanished when an expedition arrived in 1591
    
• Most English Colonies last very short
  
• Spanish colonies and voyages saw great success + riches + military conquest
  
  • Spanish colonies were managed by the crown and saw much success
    
• English colonies + voyages were seen as failures as colonies didn't last long
  
  • English colonies were managed by private investors
    
    • received blessing from the crown but with out subsidies and naval protection
      
• Support of the middle class was crucial to the English colonies' success
  
  • 1620 's and 1630's Much of their new found money went into the highly profitable tobacco farms in tiny Caribbean islands
    
• Population growth and the unrelenting increase in prices caused by the influx of New world silver produced a surplus of unskilled labor
  
  • Spread poverty and crime through out England
    
  • 1600 - 1640 - 80,000 people streamed out of England - 80,000 more in the next 20 years
    
    • First time English left their island country to carry their destinies to new frontiers
      

      
      

Anticipating North America

• Early English settlers in North America were far from uninformed about the indigenous people of the New World
  
  • Columbus and Verrazano wrote favorably about their accounts with the natives
    
  • Counter images of a hostile Indians also arose
    
    • 1502 - Sebastian Cabot describe natives as Inhuman and "savages"
      
    • The Protestants used the violent images of Mesoamerican wars to their favor calling them the injustices of Catholicism
      
• 1580 - George Peckham argued over whether or not the new settlers had claim to any of the land
  
  • Argued that in exchange for using the Indian's lands that they would provide them with a more advanced culture and most important Christianity
    
• English + other European settlers argued the native's claim on land since they were labeled as savages
  
  • Used passages in order to justify the taking of the land as God had given it to "wild beasts" (natives) and it was really meant for the European's which in their view held favor with God.
    
• Natives considered the Europeans impractical, irreligious, aggressive, and materialistic
  
  

African Bondage

• 650 - 1900 CE - Starting almost four centuries after Columbus's voyages European colonizers transport Africans from their homeland and used their labor to produce wealth (slave labor)
  
  • Largest forced migration in history (est. of 9.6 million)
    
• As slave trade began many locales opened for sugar, coffee, rice, and tobacco moved from the old world to the new world
  
  • African forced labor was an essential part of the Atlantic basin system of trade and success in the colonies
    
  • 1519-1800 African new comers outnumbered Europeans 2 /3 to 1
    
    • Large multicultural exchange in between Africa, Europe, and Americas
      
      • Movement of crops, agricultural techniques, diseases, medical knowledge
        
• Racial relations that grew from slavery deeply marked areas of society that still plague the country today
  

  
  

The Slave Trade

• Began as an attempt to fill a labor shortage in the Mediterranean world
  
• Slave traded was rooted into African society
  
• Sugar fueled the demand for slave labor (Caribbean)
  
  • African kingdoms fought to trade slaves ("black gold") for European trade goods
    
• European nations competed for west African trading rights
  
  • In the 17th century 1 million Africans were brought to the new world
    
  • Dutch replaced Portuguese as the major supplier - 1790 the English took over
    
• Many atrocities committed to the slaves
  
  • Branded, kidnapped, raped, examined, cramped into slave ships
    
    • 1 of 7 captives died en route
      

      
      

Slavery in Early Spanish Colonies

• Thousands of slaves were present in north America before any African arrived - very important / valuable to Spanish Success
  
  • Worked for the Spanish as linguists, soldiers, guides
    
• Spanish crossed blood with natives and Africans
  

Pg 71

Monday, September 03, 2007

3:16 AM

From the St Lawrence to the Hudson

North America was being colonized by England, Dutch and French (mostly Canada) settlers

France's America

• Henry IV was one of the first strong kings France had in over 50 years
  
  • He sent Samuel de Champlain to explore their claims
    
• France had a fur monopoly in North America - in 1609 - 1610 they set an alliance with the Algonquian Indians
  
  • This led the Iroquois to side with the Dutch
    
• Iroquois looked to expand to the north and west after exhausting their supply of furs - clashed with Huron (French Allied)
  
• 1640's and 1650's - "Beaver wars"
  
  • Iroquois used Dutch guns to attack Huron parties carrying beaver pelts to the French
    
  • At the end Iroquois ally with the English against the French
    
• Dispute over furs foreshadows colonial warfare
  

Hand out for 9/10

Monday, September 10, 2007

4:26 PM

The Conquest of Mexico

• Bernardino de Sahagun was a Franciscan missionary who arrived in 1529
  
  • around 1545 he began a systematic collection of oral and pictorial information about Mexican culture at the time of Spanish conquest
    
  • were later confiscated by royal decree in 1578 because they were considered dangerous by many Spanish Officials.
    
  • Recounts the conquest of Mexico by Hernando Cortes
    

    
    

  General History of the Things of New Spain
  

• The ruler of the Mexica, Moctezuma, dressed and gathered all the nobles to meet Cortes
  
  • They arranged beautiful flower gardens and wore elaborate jewelry
    
  • Moctezuma, thought they were gods who had returned to rule Mexico
    
  • Cortes took advantage of their belief
    
• Cortes separated the nobles and Moctezuma (with Itzquauhtzin) keeping him under constant surveillance
  
  • Spanish shot a cannon which but the city into disorder, panic, and fear
    
  • Spanish asked Moctezuma where all the treasure was, when they found gold they melted it into bars
    
• Fiesta of Huitzilopochtli
  
  • Spanish surprised the Mexicans as they held a festival - blocked all the entrances
    
  • They first attacked those who were dancing and playing music
    
    • They killed the Mexicans viciously
      
  • Spanish searched everywhere for hiding Mexicans
    
  • Mexicans quickly assembled and attacked the attacking Spanish
    

    
    

  "Your People Live Only Upon Cod": A Micmac responds to the French
  

• Questions the cleverness of the French
  
  • Questions why they wish to impose their buildings and society upon them
    
• Challenges the statements made that the Indians are miserable, without manners, with out order, and with out honor
  
  • Explains that they are the ones who are much happier than their European counterparts
    
  • Are happy with what little they have
    
• Algonquian leader thinks that the French deceive themselves by thinking that France is greater than their country
  
• Questions why the French leave France in order to come to a land filled with savages and most unfortunate
  
  • States that he believes the French are nothing more than slaves, journeymen, valets, and servants
    
• States that the French like their "old rags" and items which are no use to them
  
• States that the French live off their goods (esp. Cod)
  
  • French live off the Expense of his people
    
    • Due to trade and their consumption of French goods the Indian's are not as living as long as they used to
      

      
      

  "What can you get by War"
  

• 1624 -An exchange between John Smith ( an English soldier and adventurer) and Indian leader Powhatan
  
• Powhatan states that he hopes they will remain friendly and that there is no need for war as they both benefit from friendship
  
  • With out the labors of his people the English would die of hunger (corn)
    
• Complains that the English are often reaching for their guns when ever they need anything
  
  • Claims that he can just go hide in the woods
    
  • Does not want to lose trade goods
    
• John Smith - states that him and his men have kept their word and that the Indians are the ones breaking the pact
  
  • States that the Indians are welcome in town
    
  • States that it is not because of the Indians that they are eating but by other means
    

    
    

    
    

Pg 50-61

Tuesday, September 11, 2007

11:22 PM

Story - Anthony Johnson was a slave which came to America as an indentured servant,

• he eventually paid off his debt and bought his own land and servants,
  
• he left as he felt tensions between the whites and blacks, went to Maryland
  
• After he died the state of Virginia claimed he was not a citizen and took back the land
  

  
  

Jamestown, Sot weed, and indentured servants

• There were little profits from the first attempts of colonization
  
• John smith had little amount of people who were actually skilled
  
• Saw little success with natives since they did not have army or priests
  
  • 24,000 local Powhatan Indians were not as friendly however did provide food + trade
    
  • John smith attacked raiding their food supplies leading Powhatans to flee
    
    • Many died -
      
• Tobacco - Jovial Weed - many people were against it however it made good profits and grew fast in the Virginian soil
  
  • Became the major cash crop of North America
    
    • Required more cheap labor - ran out of labor in England + Ireland so Africa
      

      
      

Expansion and Indian War

• Profitable crops led to more demand for land
  
• 1622 - fierce Indian assault after Powhatan leader was killed
  
  • Virginia Company was bankrupt after - king annulled land grant and establish royal government , the house of Burgesses
    
• Attack further perpetuated violence between the two societies
  

Proprietary Maryland

• George Calvert - made Lord Baltimore - received a huge grant of land - 10 million acres - Terra Maria "Maryland"
  
  • Haven for religions
    
  • Set up self government
    
• Grow slowly from 600 - 1650 to 33,000 by 1700's
  

  
  

Daily Life on the Chesapeake

• 3 times more men than women
  
  • Marriages more fragile and less likely
    
  • Children less likely as mothers died of disease during child birth
    
• Society took a while to set up - life was too uncertain
  
• Very few people had possessions of value
  
  • Only a select few had furniture, pots, ect
    
• Moderately big houses were not built until 100 years later
  

  
  

Bacon's Rebellion Engulfs Virginia

Pg 61-71

Monday, September 17, 2007

6:57 PM

Massachusetts and its offspring

Puritanism in England

Puritan Predecessors in New England

Errand into the wilderness

New Englanders and Indians

The Web of Village Life

King Philip's war in New England

Slavery in New England

Pg 75-79

Thursday, September 13, 2007

2:34 PM

• The Quaker's Peaceable Kingdom
  
  • Quakers - Society of Friends - sprung up as a radical
    

  
  

• Early Friends
  
  • Quakers regarded the church of England as corrupt
    
    • Rejected all church officials and institutions
      
  • Quakers threatened social hierarchy and order
    
  • Believed in the spiritual equality of the sexes
    
  • Many Quakers were prosecuted - beaten, imprisoned or killed
    

    
    

• Early Quaker Designs
  
  • William Penn - son of Sir William Penn - at 26 he converted to Quakerism
    
    • 1674 - establish a North American colony, West Jersey
      
  • No where in the English world had ordinary citizens, esp. non-land owners, enjoy such extensive privileges
    
  • 1681 - Charles II granted William Penn a territory almost as large as England - paying off an old debt to his father
    
    • Last unassigned segment of land in the eastern coast of North America
      

    
    

• Pacifism in a Militant world: Quakers and Indians
  
  • Penn intended to make his colony an asylum for the persecuted and a refuge from arbitrary state power
    
  • Before arriving Penn set a precedent for peaceful relations with the Natives
    
    • Penn dissociated himself from the entire history of European Colonization in the New World
      
    • Recognizing the Indians as the rightful owners he pledge not to sell an acre until he first purchased it from local chiefs
      
      • Also promised to strictly regulate trade and ban alcohol sales
        
  • 1660 - 20,00 whites in Pennsylvania / 4,00 whites in South Carolina - power of pacifism
    
  • Mid 18th century - a lot of immigration which led to conflicts with natives over land
    

    
    

• Building The peaceable Kingdom
  
  • People did not believe in living in compact villages - expanded to open country networks
    
  • Allowed Marriage only with in their own society, carefully providing land for offspring and guarding against too great of a population increase
    
    • Port Capital of Philadelphia over took NYC in population, largest city in colonies
      

      
      

• The Limits of Perfectionism
  
  • Politics were often turbulent - because of weak leadership - Penn never stayed around
    
  • Rather than looking inward and banding together they looked outward
    
    • Made Penn very disappointed
      
  • Quaker industriousness and frugality helped produce great material success
    
    • First place where people of different national origins and religious persuasion to live together under the same government
      
    • Laid foundations for the ethnic and religious pluralism
      

    
    

Lecture 1

Native Americans - they were the first to discover the continent

• Much disagreement about when people first arrived
  
• Clouis theory - claims that the first people came over the Bering straight (15,000 years ago)
  
  • Siberian people
    
    • Big game hunters
      
• Opposite theory - argues that Asians came to America
  
  • 18,000 years ago
    
  • Were fisherman
    

     
     

• Some 10,000 years ago these people move south
  
  • Western side of rocky mountains
    

     
     

• New cultures arise
  
  • Diverse people
    
  • Create strong civilizations
    
  • Complex and strong as those found in Europe
    
  • Examples include Incas and the Aztecs
    

     
     

Vikings - also referred to as the Norse

• First to create / found Atlantic colonies
  
  • Eric the Red
    
    • Iceland 870 AD
      
    • Greenland 900 AD
      

       
       

• Lief Ericson
  
  • Founded Vinland in 1000 AD
    
    • Complete failure - 10 years
      
    • First attempt of colonization
      
      • Met by strong native opposition
        

         
         

• Problems of colonization
  
  • Met strong native opposition
    
    • Skraelings - native Americans
      
  • Vikings were very healthy people
    
    • Bring no diseases
      
  • Unknown terrain
    
  • Lack of Women
    
  • Lack of economic and population resources
    
  • Lack of technological advances
    
    • No compasses
      
    • Have poor sails
      
      • They sail with the wind therefore they can not sail against it
        
      • They use the coast as guide thus travel is very slow
        
        • No landmarks
          
        • Hard to land in the same place
          
          • Supply chain disturbed
            
  • There are no economic incentives for the Vikings to stay
    
    • Foods
      
    • Gold
      

     
     

Christopher Columbus - Italian explorer that sailed for Spain

• Spanish were good of crowd control of the natives
  
• Columbus has very strong economic backing
  
  • King / Queen of spain
    

     
     

Age of Exploration in Europe

• More technology
  
  • Astrolabe + compass - adv technology
    
  • Lateen sail - allows to sail into the wind
    
• Stronger economic system in Europe
  
  • Incredibly complex banking system
    
    • Allows them to have money anywhere
      
  • Bankers / merchant class invests in exploration
    
  • Nation states are sovereign states under monarch rule
    
• Europe is overpopulated
  
• Europeans are fascinated by trade of other cultures
  
  • Esp. spices
    
    • Trade held back because the ottoman Empire
      
      • Christians and Muslims clash
        
      • Europeans cannot travel with / through the Ottoman empire
        
        • Super high tariffs
          
        • Italians also have routes
          
      • Europeans excited by the idea to find a new route
         
        

Christopher Columbus proposes to find a water route to Asia

• Portuguese and Spanish thought that he was crazy
  
  • They thought the Earth (especially the ocean) was huge ( and they were right)
    
    • Were concerned that the men were going to die of thirst and hunger
      
  • No one knew there was a continent between the oceans
    
  • 1492 Columbus sails out
    

     
     

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Lecture 2

Wednesday, September 05, 2007

7:06 PM

• By the 1540's Hernando Cortez a Spanish Conquistador + 1500 other Spaniards managed to conquer all of Mesoamerica
  
  • Overthrowing what is arguably the strongest American Empire
    
  • Conquered what is now southern US states
    
• 1550 Pizarro overthrew an almost similarly populous empire in Southern America (Inca)
  
• People of Central America where the most advanced native society
  
• Toltec
  
• 1100 northern Mesoamerican sweep down and destroy the Toltec Empire
  
  • Chichimec tribes compose Toltec
    
  • All share the same language Nuahtl - all they have in common - constant fighting
    
• Over time one group of the Chichimec - Mexica become predominant (most powerful) AKA Aztecs
  
  • By 1500's they have taken over most of Mesoamerica
    
    • To commemorate this event they build the city of Tenochtitlan - modern day Mexico City
      
      • Built around the lake
        
      • Aztecs are incredibly imperialistic
        
        • Empire built around Mexico
          
        • Tribute Empires built around too
          
          • Gold or Crops - or Young men for Sacrifice
            
• Tribute empires give the Aztecs a large trading network
  
• When the Spanish arrive the Aztecs are at the height of their power + wealth
  
  • 10 - 15 million people
    
• The first was primacy of Rural society
  
  • Aztec society is pretty much dominated by the rural society
    
    • Vast majority of people living in country are farmers
      
    • Much like European cultures/ farmers
      
• Peasants of Aztec empire did not have
  
  • Domesticated livestock
    
  • The Wheel
    
• Aztec farmers are much more productive than European farmers
  
  • Good weather / better soil
    
  • Reason for the cities being so big - more people can be devoted to big cities
    
• Both Western Europe and Aztec empire are expansionist
  
  • Want to go out and expand empire
    
  • Aztecs are much more successful
    
    • Much harder in Europe due to ottomans and neighboring Nation states
      
  • Aztecs worked as mercenaries - then collected tribute
    
  • Aztecs also expanded through trade (on land)
    
• Social Hierarchy - stratified -very well divided sections in society
  
  • King - Europe
    
    • Priests / Nobles - Lords
      
    • Merchant
      
    • Peasants
      
    • Slaves
      
  • Montezuma - Chief Speaker
    
    • Priests / Nobility - Military Class
      
      • If you kill enough people you became a noble
        
    • Merchant
      
    • Peasants
      
    • Slaves
      
  • Both rulers claimed power through divine right
    
• In both societies they had a very strong aristocracy
  
  • Answer to the king , give him more power
    

     
     

• Europeans conquer the Aztecs
  
  • More technology
    
    • Guns are not very good in Mexico - not a big advantage
      
  • Claimed to be Gods
    
  • Kidnapped king
    
  • Disease
    
  • Outsmart the Aztecs
    

     
     

• Spanish get a lot of support from rival empires
  
  • Aztecs have a lot of enemies with in their own empire
    
    • When in battle the Aztecs not only face their own but also the Spanish
      
• Huge advantage - diseases
  
  • Small pox
    
  • Measles
    
  • Influenza
    
    • Virgin Soil Epidemic
      
      • People of Central America die by the millions - Population decimated
        
        • 1/10 of population survives - from 10-15 to about 2 million
          
        • In the Caribbean about all the population die
          
  • Europeans got Syphilis from the Aztecs
    
    • Go crazy + blind
      

   
   

• Spanish Victory paves the way for New Spain
  
  • Spanish do not really colonize these areas
    
    • Spanish decided they do not need to
      
  • Over 100 years about 225,000 Spanish move their
    
    • In comparison to English they sent 400,000 British in the first 100 years of colonization
      

     
     

     
     

  STORY - Bernard Diaz de Castillo
  

• Largest then most of the European Cities
  
• Solider who was led to Tenochtitlan by Cortez
  
  • Astonished by people, merchandize, and authority figure (police / soldiers)
    
  • Slave market - great scale, comparable to Dutch
    
  • All goods from NEW SPAIN were there
    
  • Judges to inspect goods
    
  • Montezuma - Ruler
    
  • Temple you could see the entire entry routes in / out - canoes filled lakes
    

     
     

 
 

 
 

Lecture 3

Monday, September 10, 2007

7:08 PM

• Spanish model of colonization is unique and incredibly effective model
  
  • Most wealth possible to the Spanish Crown
    
    • Allowed Spain to become so rich that they do not need to move
      
    • Perfect model of how to ring in wealth from their empires
      
      • Sent most of the money to the Spanish crown
        

         
         

         
         

• King sets up a very stringent and centralized beauracratic organization
  
  • There is no form of representative government in North America
    
    • Ruled instead by people who were appoint by the crown and also loyal to the crown
      
      • Judges
        
      • Lawyer
        
      • Military
        
      • Clergy men
        
      • Beauracrats
        
  • Makes sure that no operation is non profitable and very loyal to the crown
    
  • Make sure taxes get paid
    
    • Not the same for their English counter parts
      

       
       

       
       

• Spanish government granted merchants of Seville a monopoly on all trade from north America
  
  • In return the merchants promise to
    
    • Pay for everything ( give all capital )
      
    • Also supply the labor
      
      • Mostly African Slaves
        
        • Could not use Indians as they have mostly died out
          
  • Are in charge that everything goes well in colonies
    
  • Trade was very heavily taxed
    
    • Trade out of new Spain is phenomenal
      
  • First thing they do is set up an agrarian section of society
    
    • Large surplus of food and livestock
      
    • Set up huge plantation
      
      • Feed people in New Spain + Spanish + Sell rest to Europe
        
    • Use native American labor in order to supply all this food
       
      
• Encomienda - each Spaniard which gets an estate
  
  • On that estate there are Native Americans
    
    • Have to work for the land lords
      
    • "The way the Native Americans were paying for their 'education' through their interaction with the Spanish" (especially that of Christianity)
      
    • A lot of them run away, die - so African Slaves are brought in
      
  • Sugar plantations are in the Caribbean which are highly profitable
    
    • Ran mostly by slaves
      

       
       

• Most lucrative part of this deal was the silver mining
  
  • Discovered in Mexico and in modern day Bolivia
    
    • Used money from trade to fund silver mines
      
  • Bring so much money back to Spain
    
    • 16,000 tons of silver exported
      
  • Spanish tax about 40% of all trade
    
    • Spanish Crown claims 20% of all the profits right off the top
      
    • Next 20% of trade goes to taxes
      

       
       

• Spanish gain an incredible amount of wealth
  
  • Create a massive army - Armada
    
  • Conquer the Netherlands
    
  • With all this money they become the super power of the world - incredibly intimidating
    
  • The way they manage to keep control and settle new Spain
    
    • They Hispanicize the native Americans
      

     
     

• Spanish Armada controls the seas
  
  • European powers do not have the resources to expand
    
    • Problems at home
      
      • Reformation - 1517 - Martin Luther - a Catholic Priest
        
        • Selling of pardons - indulgences
          
        • Works - could automatically get you to heaven
          
        • Argued that only through faith can you get to heaven - Sola Fide
          
          • You can gain faith only through the bible - Sola Scriptura
            
        • Wanted to reform the church but what happened was a rift
          
          • Founded Lutheranism - more denominations of Protestantism
            

             
             

• Many countries feel a religious conflict over this
  
  • Germany splits into little principalities
    
  • France
    
  • England - 1529 - Henry VIII king of Spain wanted a divorce
    
    • Did so to get an heir
      
    • Starts his own Religion and marry Evelyn who is Protestant
      
      • Founds Anglican church aka Church of England
        
        • People feel betrayed
          
      • Same as Catholicism at first, King head of the Church
        
      • When King Henry VIII dies he has two daughters
        
        • Mary - is Catholic and becomes queen - more commonly known as bloody Mary
          
          • Had protestants killed in the streets
            
        • Elizabeth I
          

           
           

• Elizabeth I - comes to the thrown in 1558
  
  • Daughter of Evelyn is Protestant and ends all religious infighting
    
    • Finally brings peace to the country
      
    • First person who has enough control in order to look beyond its borders
      

       
       

• England makes the best wool in the world - incredibly lucrative
  
  • Enclosure- fence up their lands and fill it up with sheep
    
    • Large unemployment
      
  • Farmers are kicked out and flood the cities
    

     
     

• Nobles have no inheritance therefore they are courting Elizabeth's court
  
  • Trying to mooch off the royal money
    

     
     

• New markets would be great for the country
  
  • More money
    
  • Takes a while however
    

     
     

  Reasons to expand / problems colonization will solve
  

• It would remedy their population crises
  
• That it will help with political centralization
  
• Create new Markets and bring in new goods
  

   
   

  By the 1580's she is totally into colonization
  

  • Humphrey - dies and never comes back
    
  • Sir Walter Riley- almost succeeds in planting an English Colony
    
    • Founds colony of Roanoke
      
      • 110 women and children
        
        • Arrive with very little in supplies
          
        • Governor takes all the boats to go to England for supplies
          
          • In 1558 the Spanish are fighting the English
            
            • Conscribed all the ships to fight Spanish - takes him 2 more years
              
      • Colony disappeared by 1591
        
        • Found word Croatoan sketched on the side of a tree
          

   
   

• English and Spanish are not the only ones colonizing the Americas
  
  • Portuguese take Brazil
    
  • Dutch create colonies in the Mid Atlantic
    
  • French also create successful Colonies
    
    • 1603-1604 - king Henry IV - sends Samuel de Champlain
      
      • Explores Canada and sets up colonies
        
        • Colonies are based entirely on trade
          
          • Furs
            
      • Do not send over a lot of people - keep good interaction between the natives + and Christianizing the Indians
        
        • Send the Jesuits
          
      • Never Rock the boat with Indians since it will affect Trade
        

       
       

       
       

       
       

       
       

       
       

       
       

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Lecture 4

Wednesday, September 12, 2007

7:13 PM

• First successful English colony is James town - 1607
  
  • First ships of the Virginia Company left London in 1607 - 144 people
    
    • 39 died at sea
      
    • 46 died at winter
      

       
       

• By 1608 - 35 colonist were left alive - did not want to stay in Virginia
  
  • Next 20 years or so pattern
    
    • 1625 1,200 English men in Virginia - several thousand had gone over and died
      
  • English expected Americas as a natural paradise
    
    • Advertisers embellished the truth's about colonial life
      
    • Weather humid
      
    • Native Americans not willing to work
      
  • Hot in the summer and Cold in the winter
    

     
     

• Huge change for the English - heavily effected by Spanish conquests and tales
  
  • Flowing with gold and silver
    
  • Fertile land + livestock
    
  • Sugar
    
  • Native Americans
    
    • Spanish claimed they were savages and cannibals
      
      • Gave a rational behind them being conquered
        

         
         

• English painted a positive image of the Natives + land
  
  • First couple of waves of Virginians expect to live in a land of plenty
    
  • Colonists were very disillusioned
    
  • Choosing James town was a bad idea
    
    • Marsh - swamp water - brackish water (undrinkable)
      
      • Mosquitoes
        
      • Flooding
        
      • Building
        
      • Farm
        
    • Up a big river - away from the Spanish (biggest threat)
      

       
       

• Biggest killers were dysentery and malaria + scurvy (lack of vitamin C)
  
  • Lots of people are getting sick
    
  • The more people got sick the less able you are to produce food thus in turn more people get sick
    
    • "seasoning" - term given to the first years at the colonies
      
    • Problems with the Powhatan's
      
      • Strong organized confederacy of tribes
        
      • The Indians knew how to get food from this land - English didn't
        
        • Very stark contrast to Spanish-Native American religions
          
          • English don't have troops, health, they need the Indians more
            
          • Indian's have some antibodies
            
            • Much better off than the Aztecs did
              

   
   

• 1607 - Powhatan was not surprised that Europeans arrived
  
  • Powhatan had heard of the "white traitors" in France, Roanoke
    
  • Powhatan had a large empire
    
    • Seemed as a very little threat to the confederacy
      
      • Men - farm and tend to fields and house - women's role in native American society
        
      • English seemed absurd
        
        • Powhatan saw them as some one they could use
          
        • Helped the English sometimes when they really needed it
          
          • Did not mind to let English starve
            

   
   

   
   

• English go to war with Native Americans
  
  • 1644 - Powhatans kill off 1/4 of Virginia town population in one day
    

     
     

• Leader of the Virginia colony realized there was no profit from colonies + people are dying
  
  • John Smith- made it worse
     
    
• 1617 - John Rolfe the governor of James town plants tobacco
  
  • After a decade the colonists found something worth it
    
  • First shipment of tobacco in 1617 found a vast market
    
    • More labor
      
    • Tobacco will become a major thing in Southern Culture
      

     
     

• Tobacco had been introduced to English by the Spanish
  
  • Caught on as a fad - used as a medicine
    
  • Incredibly expensive in Europe, especially for the English
    
  • Tobacco grows so easily in Virginian soil
    
    • Grew everywhere
       
      
• 1620 - Virginia was shipping out 40,000 tons of tobacco a year
  
  • Things still bad but there was finally profit
     
    
• 1622 - Virginia company is stripped of land grant and given as a royal colony
   
  
• Two drawbacks to tobacco
  
  • Can't eat tobacco
    
  • Need more labor
    
    • Very large labor force needed to tend to tobacco
      
      • Initially Virginia company sent starving orphans as labor hands
        
        • Died out quickly from disease + starvation
          

           
           

• Indentured servitude - indentured servants are people in England who sell their labor in return for a trip to Virginia
  
  • 5-7 year contracts for trip
    
  • Indentured servitude provided social mobility
    
  • The English are fascinated with the idea of land ownership
    
    • Only people in England with land were nobility
      
    • In Virginia servants were promised 50 acres of land, tools, clothing at end - Head Right
      
      • Indentured servants were mostly field workers - treated pretty harshly
        
        • No protection under law
          
        • No family
          
      • Bad treatment + disease + diet meant that almost all of servants (2/3) do not live through to see their Head Right - masters keep it
        
    • 17th century - about 2/3 of immigrants were male indentured servants
      
      • No family
        
      • 18-30
        
    • Men out number women 3 to 1 - gives women more power
      
      • A lot of men do not live very long - 40
        
      • A lot of women end up having a lot of wealth
        
  • Very unstable society - no social structures to help society keep in check
    
    • No churches
      
    • No real towns
      
  • Danger to having all these indentured servants
    
    • Wealthy society is aware of this problem
      
      • Huge surplus of men who do not have land or anything else
        
    • Potential of serious trouble
      

     
     

     
     

  • Representative government only covered wealthy land owners
    

 
 

 
 

Lecture 5

Monday, September 17, 2007

7:01 PM

• Bacon's Rebellion - 1676
  
  • Led by a elite white men - leads a band of landless servants
    
    • Also with people who had land but encroached on native land
      
    • Were not only white males, good amount of black indentured servants
      
    • Slavery was incredibly rare
      
  • Annoyed by the lack of land
    
  • Bacon kicks Governor Berkeley out his mansion
    
    • Declares him self Governor
      
  • House of Burgesses - Virginia Legislature
    
  • What makes them rich is that they own servants
    
    • Servants are needed to raise land - money is needed to buy servants
      
      • Richer get richer - poorer get poorer
        
      • Many indentured servants sometimes don't get land and if they do they get lands close to the Native Americans
        
  • Result of this is that people are mad because of disparity between the rich and poor
    
  • Bacon was very rich but he was unhappy
    

     
     

• Bacon + his followers
  
  • In the 1700's indentured servants were much cheaper than slaves
    
  • First group came during the 1619 - Africans
    
  • Most Africans were indentured servants - granted freedom after period
    
    • Term was longer
      
    • Incredibly equal as terms of treatment
      
      • Treated poorly - worked to death
        
  • When bacon assembles army it is both black and whites -
    
  • The difference between masters and servants was very stratified
    
    • Wealthy land owners - owned everything
      
    • Servants - free indentured servants - were in the same boat
      
  • Bacons army wanted a stronger military presence against native Americans
    
  • Interclass and interracial conflict
    
  • Much Blood shed - natives - blacks - Virginians
    
  • This troubled the Virginia Elite
    
    • Are vastly out numbered
      
    • The way they win is because Bacon died of dysentery
      
      • Army fell apart
        
    • Response - demonstrates a pattern which repeats it through American History
      
      • Solidify slavery + give more white men more rights
        
      • In order to control a threat from within the Virginia Elite decide to divide rebellion from with in
        
      • Redefining all black people as slaves - all white as free
        
        • Greater control over black slaves
          
        • Greater perception of freedom among whites
          
        • Conflict was redefined from one of class to one of race
          
      • Increasing social control
        
        • Blacks = slaves
          

           
           

• Bacon's rebellion a turning point in slavery in America
  
  • Men and women
    
    • Some became land owners and purchased their own servants
      
  • 1640 - first case of lifelong servitude - John Punch
    
    • John Punch - Ran away from masters
      
      • Got caught and got punished by running away from master
        
    • Slavery was not mentioned in colonial or English law till 1701
      
      • Much profit from getting life long slaves
        

       
       

       
       

• Indentured servitude better than slaves
  
  • Same life expectancy
    
  • Head right
    
  • Much Cheaper
    
  • Most didn't last to see head right or end of servitude
    

     
     

• Slaves better than indentured servitude
  
  • More indentured servants are living through to see their head rights
    
  • More competition
    
  • Lack of food
    
  • Losing their land
    
  • Frightened by this large class of people who are asking for political rights
    
  • Mortality rate increased
    
  • The expense of getting indentured servants was economically bad
    
    • Lifelong
      
  • Supply of Indentured servants from England was decreasing
    
    • Peace and prosperity was raining on England
      
    • Harder to convince people to come
      
    • Less unemployed
      
    • Tobacco prices fall
      
      • Market is flooded
        
      • 1680's much better options
        

         
         

• Head right when your done
  
• Royal crown took more notice to kidnaps, lies
  
• Replaced indentured servants with slaves because they were much scarcer and expensive
   
  
• Cheap slaves from the Caribbean
  
  • Already "seasoned"
    
  • A lot less expensive
    
  • Up to 1680's Dutch had a monopoly in selling slaves
    
    • After English start selling slaves
       
      
• English slaves are very troublesome
  
  • Expect to have the rights of an Englishmen - vote
    
    • Expect right to representation
      
  • Slaves could be denied these rights
    
  • English were Christians and believed that they shouldn't enslave other Christians
    
    • Africans were not Christians
      

       
       

• If slaves bear children then they are also slaves
  
  • Law which they are adopting from the Caribbean
    
  • 1720's - slavery becomes much more prevalent in America
    
    • 1680 -5 % slaves
      
    • 1710 - 25%
      

     
     

     
     

• Virginia Elite redefine all blacks as slaves
  
  • 1705 Virginia has "slave codes"
    
    • If a slave women has a child that child is already enslaved
      
      • Contraire to English law which means you inherit from fathers
        
    • Even if you are Christian and African you can become a slave
      
    • Interracial marriage legal until 1691 - run out of the colony
      
    • 1690's free black are no longer allowed to employ white servants, hold office, testify in court, carry gun
      
    • Slaves had almost no rights
      
    • Made slave and black synonymous
      
  • "encouraged a racial view of society"
    

     
     

• Arguments
  
  • Racism made slavery possible
    
  • Need for labor and economic gain made racism
    

     
     

 
 

Lecture 5A

Monday, September 17, 2007

7:51 PM

• Pilgrims - come seeking religious freedom
  

   
   

• 1608 - a group of guys the "pilgrims" call them self the separatists left England
  
  • Got Royal approval
    
  • Went to Holland - had religious freedom
    
    • Did not like Holland - too much freedom
      
      • Feared that their children would leave the faith
        
      • Community would fail
        
      • Too many temptations
        
  • Separatists decide to found a colony
    
    • Got permission from James I to plant colony in Virginia
      
  • Get London Merchants to fund the Voyage
    
    • Got King James I for a guarantee of land
      
    • Thought that they could make a lot of money
      
  • Mayflower landed in November, 1620 in Massachusetts
    
    • Noticed that they were not in Virginia
      
    • Christened it "Plymouth" - home town
      
    • Created own civil government
      
      • May Flower Compact
        
  • May flower Compact
    
    • Declares fidelity to the crown
      
    • New colonial government
      

       
       

• 1621 -
  
  • after one year of barely surviving managed to harvest first crops With help of natives - have thanksgiving
    
  • First governor is elected - William Bradford
    
  • Bradford
    
    • Managed to get ownership away from Merchants in London - Bought back colony
      
    • Distributes land evenly among families
      
      • Settle, build a farm, family
        
    • Laid out colony as a town
      
      • Church as a center - family plots around
        
        • Every town in new England starts out with a church
          
  • With the help of Bradford and native Americans ensured freedom
    
    • Remained a poor colony
      
      • Based around puritan values
        

         
         

• 1625 -
  
  • Charles I - is pretty much a Catholic and persecutes puritans
    
  • Throw puritans out of government - right to vote
    
  • 1646-1661 - Civil war
    
  • Charles is put on trial and then executed
    
  • Puritan life is really bad
    

     
     

• 1630 -
  
  • Rush of puritans out of England
    
  • Found Massachusetts Bay
    
  • Founders are mostly middle class merchants
    
    • Came in much larger numbers
      
  • Puritans came down in family groups mostly
    
  • With Permission of Charles I they are allowed to found colony in Massachusetts Bay
    
  • Come in 17 boats - 1000 men, women, and children - Boston
    

     
     

     
     

• Puritanism - was very unhappy with the Church of England
  
  • English are Anglican by law
    
    • No separation between church and state
      
  • Are not very impressed by the reformation
    
  • Want to purify the church
    
    • Thought church was a disaster and needed to be purified
      
    • Separatists - Thought that the church was so awful that they had to separate
      
    • Mass. Bay founds - thought that they could purify the church from with in
      

       
       

• Virginia + Massachusetts In both Cases these colonies are founded as economic ventures and by the crown
  

   
   

  End of 1600's
  

• Boston is the center of new world Trade
  

   
   

  Boston
  

• Boston is a great port city
  
  • The wind are more favorable if you go north then across to Europe
    
• Import a lot of English goods then are traded with in other colonies
  

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

 
 

 
 

Lecture 6

Wednesday, September 19, 2007

7:02 PM

Review: People living in New England

• Most people are farmers
  
• Religious middle class family
  
• Soil is terrible - no main cash crop
  
• Subsistence farming
  
  • Growing enough crop for families to live
    
  • Can't really grow everything their families need
    
    • Trade extra crops for goods
      
  • Not farming to make a lot of money - as compared to Virginia which are looking for cash crop
    
• Each family does its own labor
  
  • Not growing commercially
    
• People are not dying as fast as they are in Virginia
  
  • Life expectancy by the end of the 17th century is 80
    
  • People in New England are living a lot longer than Virginians and even England
    
  • Life in New England is surprisingly healthy
    
  • Have a lot of offspring - average woman gives birth to ten children
    
• Creates a labor sources from with in
  
• Puritans are religious - very strict
  
  • Believe that the Church of England is too dressed up and too much like Catholic Church
    
  • Calvinism
    
    • Is a protestant sect
      
    • Believes
      
      • Only get to heaven through faith
        
      • Only have that faith through the grace of God
        
        • Predestination - some people are predestined and some are not "elect"
          
          • Only have faith if God gave it to you
            
          • Humans are inherently evil and cannot help themselves (only God can)
            
  • Separatists - believe that they have to act as a city on a hill - all eyes on you
    
    • Found colony to act as an example for the world (city on a hill)
      
      • God like, holy community, example for everyone to follow
        
  • Puritans moved to North America for religious freedom but for themselves
    
    • Puritans are incredibly paranoid and cannot fail - if the com. fails means going to hell
      
      • Are not cool with outsiders - hang / burn Quakers
        
  • Puritans believe that the devil is actively in New England trying to make the community fail
    

     
     

     
     

  Salem witch trails
  

• 1692 - 1693 - In the town of Salem there erupts a series of witch trails
  
  • Many women and men are accused and hanged for being witches
    
• Salem witch trails are able to happen because of puritan world view
  
• Witch trails were going on in England
  
• Biggest witch trail in America
  
• To be a witch you have to be in a pact with the devil
  
  • Give him your soul
    
  • Get Powers
    
    • Spells on people - cattle ? Pigs?
      
• Very easy to accuse some one who did not fit the model
  
  • Outsiders
    
  • Family-less people
    
  • Promiscuous
    
  • Women
    
    • Widows
      
      • Very questionably people
        
    • Midwifes
      
• Due to Christianity theology
  
  • Adam and eve - women are considered the weaker
    
• Prove
  
  • Hearsay
    
• Most are hanged
  
• Only few are proved innocent
  
• Accusations take on a hysterical tone
  
  • The accused accuse others
    
    • In under a year the Church of England gets involved
      
    • Send ministers to investigate the investigation
      

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

  
   

   
   

   
   

  
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

 
 

Lecture 6A

Wednesday, September 19, 2007

7:47 PM

Middle Colonies

• New middle colonies
  
  • Delaware
    
  • New Jersey
    
  • New York
    
  • Pennsylvania
    
• Dutch own the middle colonies and are an economic power house
  
  • Established them selves in New Netherland 1624
    
    • Found a city New Amsterdam at the mouth of the Hudson River
      
      • New York City
        
    • New Amsterdam became the trading center for the Dutch empire
      
    • Over the next 4 decades the Dutch expanded their empire to what is now
      
      • Connecticut
        
      • New York
        
  • Established a trading fort (Fort Orange aka Albany)
    
    • Traded furs with native Americans
      
    • Iroquois
      
      • Confederation of native American tribes
        
      • Very powerful
        
    • Dutch are profiting greatly from trade
      
  • Establish another trading post in New Castle - built on a Swede settlement
    
    • Gold sheltered harbor
      
• Dutch are the Economic masters during the middle of the 1600's
  
  • Through trade and slave trade which they took from the Portuguese
    
  • Piracy on the Spanish
    
  • Illegal trade with other countries
    
• English hate the Dutch
  
  • Especially because they are making so much money
    
  • They have colonies in the middle of British Colonies
    
    • In danger
      
• Mid 1600's the English have seen the Dutch as a great nuisance in the new world
  
• English were already engaged in a war with the Dutch mostly over trade
  
  • English captured new Amsterdam in 1664
    
    • Dutch take it back 1670 and then lose it again
      
  • After 1670's the Dutch no longer have a presence in North America
    
• By 1670's the English have taken over all the Dutch Colonies
  
  • It doesn't only belong to England he gives it to his brother the Duke of York
    
  • The duke of York doesn't move to America except he governs it as an absentee landlord
    
    • Sets up self government
      
      • Legislature
        
      • Appointed governor
        
    • Calls it New York
      
    • New York grows rapidly
      
    • Religiously tolerant community
      
    • Gives all Dutch the same rights as the English colonists
      
    • Local government does enforce religious tolerance
      
  • The Duke of York gives the Jerseys (east and west jersey) to some of his political allies
    
    • Settle in 1660's
      
    • Religious tolerant colony
      
      • Attracts Puritans and Quakers
        
    • Land is cheap
      
    • 1703 becomes one Colony
      
    • Very diverse population
      
    • New Jersey is highly agricultural due to its missing port