Pg 1-6

American Stories

• 1469 - Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon married and forged a stronger Christian Spain
  
  • Expelled all the Jews and Muslims from Spain
    
• 1509- Tecuichpotzin - was born into royalty - when her father died her uncle claimed her then she eventually became the wife of the last Aztec emperor
  
  • Once the Spanish conquered the Aztec she became one of Cortés's mistresses
    
    • Gave birth to seven children and paved the way for the mestizaje - mixed race
      
• Queen Elizabeth I - established her power in England and the Protest church
  
  • She was feared by many rulers
    
  • Paved the way for colonies - as she saw it as a source of great power and wealth
    
    • Invested her own money + fought with Spanish for Maritime rights
      
• 1595 - Queen Njinga - ruler of Angola which fought / led a fierce resistance to Portuguese rule / slave trade
  

  
  

  The Peoples of America Before Columbus
  

  
  

  Migration to the Americas
  

• Arrival of humans in America dates back to about 35,000 BCE
  
  • Main migration apparently occurred between 11,000 and 14,000 years ago
    
• Humans are thought to have used the Bering Straight to cross into America
  

  
  

  Hunters, Farmers, and Environmental Factors
  

• Earliest inhabitants evolved into separate cultures, adjusting to various environments in distinct ways
  
  • By the 1400's "Indians of America were enormously diverse in language, society, and social organization
    
• Early humans quickly adapted as food became more plentiful and climate changed
  
• 9,000 to 7000 years ago an agricultural revolution allowed natives to have control over once ungovernable natural resources
  
• Stalinization and deforestation caused many civilization to find new ways to adapt
  
• Village life began to replace nomadic existence
  
• More ample food fueled population growth, large groups split off to form separate societies
  
  • Men cleared the land and hunted, women tended the crops
    
• Regional trading networks formed allowing people to exchange culturally
  

  
  

  Mesoamerican Empires
  

• Valley of Mexico became the center of the largest societies that emerged
  
  
  • Aztecs used their warrior skills to subjugate small tribes and taking over most of Mesoamerica
    
    • Capital Tenochtitlan - "place of the prickly pear cactus" - a canal-ribbed city
      
  • Four classes in Aztec Society - Nobility, free commoners, serfs, and slaves
    
• 1519 - Spanish arrived and found their way to the msot advanced civilization in the Americas
  
• Through hydraulic engineering the Aztecs cultivated chinampas - floating gardens
  

Pg 6-10

Wednesday, September 05, 2007

1:06 AM

Regional North American Cultures

• The hohokam and anasazi had developed a sedentary village life thousands of years before the Spanish arrived
  
• Pueblo people = 1200 CE - developed villages composed of large, terraced, buildings, with many rooms often constructed around defensive sites.
  
  • By the time the Spanish arrived in the 1540s the Pueblo were using canals, dams, and hillside terracing
    
  • Pueblo society resembled that of peasant communities in many parts of Europe and Asia
    
• Tlingit, kwakiutl, Salish, and haida people lived in villages of several hundred, drawing their sustenance from salmon and other fishes
  
• Native American societies have been traced as far back as about 9000 BCE
  
• A variety of tribes came to be loosely associated in four main language groups
  
  • Algonquian -Iroquoian - Muskhogean - Siouan
    
• Like other societies they had been transformed by a agricultural revolution, gradually adopting semi-fixed settlements and developing trading networks that linked together societies occupying a vast region
  
• Europeans thought native Americans were primitive forest people
  
• Mound builders
  
  • Ohio valley mound builders
    
    • Are believed to have participated in vast trading network liking together hundreds of Indian Villages
      
    • The mound building society of the Ohio valley declined many centuries before the Europeans arrived
      
  • Mississippi mound builders - Arose around 600 CE in the Mississippi river valley
    
    • Its "capital" Chokia had at least in excess of 20,000 people, the first metropolis in America
      
      • Encompassed hundreds of villages from Wisconsin to Louisiana and from Oklahoma to Tennessee
        
• The numerous small tribes that arose after the mound builders declined were far from "savages" as the Europeans had described
  
• Most of the eastern woodlands tribes lived in waterside villages
  

The Iroquois

• Five tribes comprised the "League of the Iroquois"-
  
  • Mohawk - Oneidas - Onondagas - Cayugas - Senecas
    
• By the time the Europeans arrived there were perhaps 10,000 people in this group
  
• When the Europeans started to arrive the Iroquois created a more cohesive political confederacy
  
  • Villages gained stability
    
  • Populations increased
    
  • Developed political mechanisms for solving internal problems
    
• This facilitated the development of a coordinated Iroquois policy for dealing with European new comers
  
  Pre-Contact Population
  
• Estimates of Native American population have been wrong in the past because of the conventional view that Indian societies were composed of small groups of nomadic hunters and gatherers
  
  • Agricultural techniques were capable of sustaining large societies
    
  • The best estimates have about 50 to 70 million people living in the entire hemisphere when Europeans first arrived
    
    • Contrasting 70 to 90 million in Europe + Russia
      
• The colonizers were not coming to a "virgin wilderness" but to a land inhabited for thousands of years by people whose village existence resembled that of the early Europeans
  

Pg 10-16

Friday, September 07, 2007

11:10 AM

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Pg 37-48

Monday, September 03, 2007

1:53 AM

England Looks West

• 17th century - the English, Dutch, and French began overtaking European rivals
  
  • Between 1604 and 1640 the English planted several small colonies producing sugar and tobacco
    

  
  

England Challenges Spain

• England was the slowest of the Atlantic powers to begin exploring and colonizing the new World
  
  • Had little experience colonizing
    
  • Claims of John Cabot gave England any claim in the New World
    
  • England's interest centered primarily around fish
    
    • English and French drove off Spanish and Portuguese fisherman from the Newfoundland banks
      
• 1524-1535 : Jacques Cartier and Giovanni de Verrazano sailed across the Atlantic
  
  • Tried to find a water route around the northern landmass
    
    • Believed that the settlements along the northern east coast held no immediate value
      
• Population growth and rising prices made economic conditions worse which made people look for new opportunities
  
• Queen Elizabeth
  
  • Ruled from 1558 to 1603
    
  • She favored Protestantism - vehicle for national independence
    
  • Was ruled a heretic and was excommunicated in 1571 - church absolved subjects from paying her
    
    • In an attempt to overthrow her
      
• 1587 - conflict arose between Catholic Spain and Protestant England
  
  • King Phillip vowed to crush the Dutch rebellion (1580's) and decided to attack England to wipe out the Protestant power
    
• 1585 Queen Elizabeth sent 6,000 English troops to aid the Dutch Protestants
  
• Francis Drake
  
  • Raided Spanish shipping on the coasts of Mexico and Peru
    
  • Looted the city and touched off an epidemic that killed many Floridian natives
    
    • "English god that made them die so fast"
      
• 1958 - King Phillip was infuriated by the looting and the attack on the Spanish ships so he sent his armada to England
  
  • The battle raged off the coast of England and the Spanish armada was defeated
    
    • Led to more freedom of the sea's as the Spanish no longer held supreme power in the seas
      

      
      

The Westward Fever

• Richard Hakluyt - uncle and nephew who in the 1580's and 1580's advertised the advantages of crossing the Atlantic
  
  • Merchants - new markets
    
  • Protestant clergy - land to be saved and free from Spanish Catholicism
    
  • Commoner - free land for the taking
    
• Ireland - 1560's and 1570's England conquered parts of the Ireland through brutal military conquest
  
  • Became a new frontier for English to claim wealth and land
    
  • "new world" colonization got ideas from the colonization of Ireland
    
• 1585 - 1588 - Colony of Roanoke Island is founded off N.C coast
  
  • Settlers vanished when an expedition arrived in 1591
    
• Most English Colonies last very short
  
• Spanish colonies and voyages saw great success + riches + military conquest
  
  • Spanish colonies were managed by the crown and saw much success
    
• English colonies + voyages were seen as failures as colonies didn't last long
  
  • English colonies were managed by private investors
    
    • received blessing from the crown but with out subsidies and naval protection
      
• Support of the middle class was crucial to the English colonies' success
  
  • 1620 's and 1630's Much of their new found money went into the highly profitable tobacco farms in tiny Caribbean islands
    
• Population growth and the unrelenting increase in prices caused by the influx of New world silver produced a surplus of unskilled labor
  
  • Spread poverty and crime through out England
    
  • 1600 - 1640 - 80,000 people streamed out of England - 80,000 more in the next 20 years
    
    • First time English left their island country to carry their destinies to new frontiers
      

      
      

Anticipating North America

• Early English settlers in North America were far from uninformed about the indigenous people of the New World
  
  • Columbus and Verrazano wrote favorably about their accounts with the natives
    
  • Counter images of a hostile Indians also arose
    
    • 1502 - Sebastian Cabot describe natives as Inhuman and "savages"
      
    • The Protestants used the violent images of Mesoamerican wars to their favor calling them the injustices of Catholicism
      
• 1580 - George Peckham argued over whether or not the new settlers had claim to any of the land
  
  • Argued that in exchange for using the Indian's lands that they would provide them with a more advanced culture and most important Christianity
    
• English + other European settlers argued the native's claim on land since they were labeled as savages
  
  • Used passages in order to justify the taking of the land as God had given it to "wild beasts" (natives) and it was really meant for the European's which in their view held favor with God.
    
• Natives considered the Europeans impractical, irreligious, aggressive, and materialistic
  
  

African Bondage

• 650 - 1900 CE - Starting almost four centuries after Columbus's voyages European colonizers transport Africans from their homeland and used their labor to produce wealth (slave labor)
  
  • Largest forced migration in history (est. of 9.6 million)
    
• As slave trade began many locales opened for sugar, coffee, rice, and tobacco moved from the old world to the new world
  
  • African forced labor was an essential part of the Atlantic basin system of trade and success in the colonies
    
  • 1519-1800 African new comers outnumbered Europeans 2 /3 to 1
    
    • Large multicultural exchange in between Africa, Europe, and Americas
      
      • Movement of crops, agricultural techniques, diseases, medical knowledge
        
• Racial relations that grew from slavery deeply marked areas of society that still plague the country today
  

  
  

The Slave Trade

• Began as an attempt to fill a labor shortage in the Mediterranean world
  
• Slave traded was rooted into African society
  
• Sugar fueled the demand for slave labor (Caribbean)
  
  • African kingdoms fought to trade slaves ("black gold") for European trade goods
    
• European nations competed for west African trading rights
  
  • In the 17th century 1 million Africans were brought to the new world
    
  • Dutch replaced Portuguese as the major supplier - 1790 the English took over
    
• Many atrocities committed to the slaves
  
  • Branded, kidnapped, raped, examined, cramped into slave ships
    
    • 1 of 7 captives died en route
      

      
      

Slavery in Early Spanish Colonies

• Thousands of slaves were present in north America before any African arrived - very important / valuable to Spanish Success
  
  • Worked for the Spanish as linguists, soldiers, guides
    
• Spanish crossed blood with natives and Africans
  

Pg 71

Monday, September 03, 2007

3:16 AM

From the St Lawrence to the Hudson

North America was being colonized by England, Dutch and French (mostly Canada) settlers

France's America

• Henry IV was one of the first strong kings France had in over 50 years
  
  • He sent Samuel de Champlain to explore their claims
    
• France had a fur monopoly in North America - in 1609 - 1610 they set an alliance with the Algonquian Indians
  
  • This led the Iroquois to side with the Dutch
    
• Iroquois looked to expand to the north and west after exhausting their supply of furs - clashed with Huron (French Allied)
  
• 1640's and 1650's - "Beaver wars"
  
  • Iroquois used Dutch guns to attack Huron parties carrying beaver pelts to the French
    
  • At the end Iroquois ally with the English against the French
    
• Dispute over furs foreshadows colonial warfare
  

Hand out for 9/10

Monday, September 10, 2007

4:26 PM

The Conquest of Mexico

• Bernardino de Sahagun was a Franciscan missionary who arrived in 1529
  
  • around 1545 he began a systematic collection of oral and pictorial information about Mexican culture at the time of Spanish conquest
    
  • were later confiscated by royal decree in 1578 because they were considered dangerous by many Spanish Officials.
    
  • Recounts the conquest of Mexico by Hernando Cortes
    

    
    

  General History of the Things of New Spain
  

• The ruler of the Mexica, Moctezuma, dressed and gathered all the nobles to meet Cortes
  
  • They arranged beautiful flower gardens and wore elaborate jewelry
    
  • Moctezuma, thought they were gods who had returned to rule Mexico
    
  • Cortes took advantage of their belief
    
• Cortes separated the nobles and Moctezuma (with Itzquauhtzin) keeping him under constant surveillance
  
  • Spanish shot a cannon which but the city into disorder, panic, and fear
    
  • Spanish asked Moctezuma where all the treasure was, when they found gold they melted it into bars
    
• Fiesta of Huitzilopochtli
  
  • Spanish surprised the Mexicans as they held a festival - blocked all the entrances
    
  • They first attacked those who were dancing and playing music
    
    • They killed the Mexicans viciously
      
  • Spanish searched everywhere for hiding Mexicans
    
  • Mexicans quickly assembled and attacked the attacking Spanish
    

    
    

  "Your People Live Only Upon Cod": A Micmac responds to the French
  

• Questions the cleverness of the French
  
  • Questions why they wish to impose their buildings and society upon them
    
• Challenges the statements made that the Indians are miserable, without manners, with out order, and with out honor
  
  • Explains that they are the ones who are much happier than their European counterparts
    
  • Are happy with what little they have
    
• Algonquian leader thinks that the French deceive themselves by thinking that France is greater than their country
  
• Questions why the French leave France in order to come to a land filled with savages and most unfortunate
  
  • States that he believes the French are nothing more than slaves, journeymen, valets, and servants
    
• States that the French like their "old rags" and items which are no use to them
  
• States that the French live off their goods (esp. Cod)
  
  • French live off the Expense of his people
    
    • Due to trade and their consumption of French goods the Indian's are not as living as long as they used to
      

      
      

  "What can you get by War"
  

• 1624 -An exchange between John Smith ( an English soldier and adventurer) and Indian leader Powhatan
  
• Powhatan states that he hopes they will remain friendly and that there is no need for war as they both benefit from friendship
  
  • With out the labors of his people the English would die of hunger (corn)
    
• Complains that the English are often reaching for their guns when ever they need anything
  
  • Claims that he can just go hide in the woods
    
  • Does not want to lose trade goods
    
• John Smith - states that him and his men have kept their word and that the Indians are the ones breaking the pact
  
  • States that the Indians are welcome in town
    
  • States that it is not because of the Indians that they are eating but by other means
    

    
    

    
    

Pg 50-61

Tuesday, September 11, 2007

11:22 PM

Story - Anthony Johnson was a slave which came to America as an indentured servant,

• he eventually paid off his debt and bought his own land and servants,
  
• he left as he felt tensions between the whites and blacks, went to Maryland
  
• After he died the state of Virginia claimed he was not a citizen and took back the land
  

  
  

Jamestown, Sot weed, and indentured servants

• There were little profits from the first attempts of colonization
  
• John smith had little amount of people who were actually skilled
  
• Saw little success with natives since they did not have army or priests
  
  • 24,000 local Powhatan Indians were not as friendly however did provide food + trade
    
  • John smith attacked raiding their food supplies leading Powhatans to flee
    
    • Many died -
      
• Tobacco - Jovial Weed - many people were against it however it made good profits and grew fast in the Virginian soil
  
  • Became the major cash crop of North America
    
    • Required more cheap labor - ran out of labor in England + Ireland so Africa
      

      
      

Expansion and Indian War

• Profitable crops led to more demand for land
  
• 1622 - fierce Indian assault after Powhatan leader was killed
  
  • Virginia Company was bankrupt after - king annulled land grant and establish royal government , the house of Burgesses
    
• Attack further perpetuated violence between the two societies
  

Proprietary Maryland

• George Calvert - made Lord Baltimore - received a huge grant of land - 10 million acres - Terra Maria "Maryland"
  
  • Haven for religions
    
  • Set up self government
    
• Grow slowly from 600 - 1650 to 33,000 by 1700's
  

  
  

Daily Life on the Chesapeake

• 3 times more men than women
  
  • Marriages more fragile and less likely
    
  • Children less likely as mothers died of disease during child birth
    
• Society took a while to set up - life was too uncertain
  
• Very few people had possessions of value
  
  • Only a select few had furniture, pots, ect
    
• Moderately big houses were not built until 100 years later
  

  
  

Bacon's Rebellion Engulfs Virginia

Pg 61-71

Monday, September 17, 2007

6:57 PM

Massachusetts and its offspring

Puritanism in England

Puritan Predecessors in New England

Errand into the wilderness

New Englanders and Indians

The Web of Village Life

King Philip's war in New England

Slavery in New England

Pg 75-79

Thursday, September 13, 2007

2:34 PM

• The Quaker's Peaceable Kingdom
  
  • Quakers - Society of Friends - sprung up as a radical
    

  
  

• Early Friends
  
  • Quakers regarded the church of England as corrupt
    
    • Rejected all church officials and institutions
      
  • Quakers threatened social hierarchy and order
    
  • Believed in the spiritual equality of the sexes
    
  • Many Quakers were prosecuted - beaten, imprisoned or killed
    

    
    

• Early Quaker Designs
  
  • William Penn - son of Sir William Penn - at 26 he converted to Quakerism
    
    • 1674 - establish a North American colony, West Jersey
      
  • No where in the English world had ordinary citizens, esp. non-land owners, enjoy such extensive privileges
    
  • 1681 - Charles II granted William Penn a territory almost as large as England - paying off an old debt to his father
    
    • Last unassigned segment of land in the eastern coast of North America
      

    
    

• Pacifism in a Militant world: Quakers and Indians
  
  • Penn intended to make his colony an asylum for the persecuted and a refuge from arbitrary state power
    
  • Before arriving Penn set a precedent for peaceful relations with the Natives
    
    • Penn dissociated himself from the entire history of European Colonization in the New World
      
    • Recognizing the Indians as the rightful owners he pledge not to sell an acre until he first purchased it from local chiefs
      
      • Also promised to strictly regulate trade and ban alcohol sales
        
  • 1660 - 20,00 whites in Pennsylvania / 4,00 whites in South Carolina - power of pacifism
    
  • Mid 18th century - a lot of immigration which led to conflicts with natives over land
    

    
    

• Building The peaceable Kingdom
  
  • People did not believe in living in compact villages - expanded to open country networks
    
  • Allowed Marriage only with in their own society, carefully providing land for offspring and guarding against too great of a population increase
    
    • Port Capital of Philadelphia over took NYC in population, largest city in colonies
      

      
      

• The Limits of Perfectionism
  
  • Politics were often turbulent - because of weak leadership - Penn never stayed around
    
  • Rather than looking inward and banding together they looked outward
    
    • Made Penn very disappointed
      
  • Quaker industriousness and frugality helped produce great material success
    
    • First place where people of different national origins and religious persuasion to live together under the same government
      
    • Laid foundations for the ethnic and religious pluralism