one note: Lecture 1

Native Americans - they were the first to discover the continent

Much disagreement about when people first arrived
Clouis theory - claims that the first people came over the Bering straight (15,000 years ago)
- Siberian people
  - Big game hunters
Opposite theory - argues that Asians came to America
- 18,000 years ago
- Were fisherman
Some 10,000 years ago these people move south
- Western side of rocky mountains
New cultures arise
- Diverse people
- Create strong civilizations
- Complex and strong as those found in Europe
- Examples include Incas and the Aztecs

Vikings - also referred to as the Norse

First to create / found Atlantic colonies
- Eric the Red
  - Iceland 870 AD
  - Greenland 900 AD
Lief Ericson
- Founded Vinland in 1000 AD
  - Complete failure - 10 years
  - First attempt of colonization
    - Met by strong native opposition
Problems of colonization
- Met strong native opposition
  - Skraelings - native Americans
- Vikings were very healthy people
  - Bring no diseases
- Unknown terrain
- Lack of Women
- Lack of economic and population resources
- Lack of technological advances
  - No compasses
  - Have poor sails
    - They sail with the wind therefore they can not sail against it
    - They use the coast as guide thus travel is very slow
      - No landmarks
      - Hard to land in the same place
        Supply chain disturbed
- There are no economic incentives for the Vikings to stay
  - Foods
  - Gold

Christopher Columbus - Italian explorer that sailed for Spain

Spanish were good of crowd control of the natives
Columbus has very strong economic backing
- King / Queen of spain

Age of Exploration in Europe

More technology
- Astrolabe + compass - adv technology
- Lateen sail - allows to sail into the wind
Stronger economic system in Europe
- Incredibly complex banking system
  - Allows them to have money anywhere
- Bankers / merchant class invests in exploration
- Nation states are sovereign states under monarch rule
Europe is overpopulated
Europeans are fascinated by trade of other cultures
- Esp. spices
  - Trade held back because the ottoman Empire
    - Christians and Muslims clash
    - Europeans cannot travel with / through the Ottoman empire
      - Super high tariffs
      - Italians also have routes
    - Europeans excited by the idea to find a new route

Christopher Columbus proposes to find a water route to Asia

Portuguese and Spanish thought that he was crazy
- They thought the Earth (especially the ocean) was huge ( and they were right)
  - Were concerned that the men were going to die of thirst and hunger
- No one knew there was a continent between the oceans
- 1492 Columbus sails out

Lecture 2

Wednesday, September 05, 2007

7:06 PM

By the 1540's Hernando Cortez a Spanish Conquistador + 1500 other Spaniards managed to conquer all of Mesoamerica
- Overthrowing what is arguably the strongest American Empire
- Conquered what is now southern US states
1550 Pizarro overthrew an almost similarly populous empire in Southern America (Inca)
People of Central America where the most advanced native society
Toltec
1100 northern Mesoamerican sweep down and destroy the Toltec Empire
- Chichimec tribes compose Toltec
- All share the same language Nuahtl - all they have in common - constant fighting
Over time one group of the Chichimec - Mexica become predominant (most powerful) AKA Aztecs
- By 1500's they have taken over most of Mesoamerica
  - To commemorate this event they build the city of Tenochtitlan - modern day Mexico City
    - Built around the lake
    - Aztecs are incredibly imperialistic
      - Empire built around Mexico
      - Tribute Empires built around too
        Gold or Crops - or Young men for Sacrifice
Tribute empires give the Aztecs a large trading network
When the Spanish arrive the Aztecs are at the height of their power + wealth
- 10 - 15 million people
The first was primacy of Rural society
- Aztec society is pretty much dominated by the rural society
  - Vast majority of people living in country are farmers
  - Much like European cultures/ farmers
Peasants of Aztec empire did not have
- Domesticated livestock
- The Wheel
Aztec farmers are much more productive than European farmers
- Good weather / better soil
- Reason for the cities being so big - more people can be devoted to big cities
Both Western Europe and Aztec empire are expansionist
- Want to go out and expand empire
- Aztecs are much more successful
  - Much harder in Europe due to ottomans and neighboring Nation states
- Aztecs worked as mercenaries - then collected tribute
- Aztecs also expanded through trade (on land)
Social Hierarchy - stratified -very well divided sections in society
- King - Europe
  - Priests / Nobles - Lords
  - Merchant
  - Peasants
  - Slaves
- Montezuma - Chief Speaker
  - Priests / Nobility - Military Class
    - If you kill enough people you became a noble
  - Merchant
  - Peasants
  - Slaves
- Both rulers claimed power through divine right
In both societies they had a very strong aristocracy
- Answer to the king , give him more power
Europeans conquer the Aztecs
- More technology
  - Guns are not very good in Mexico - not a big advantage
- Claimed to be Gods
- Kidnapped king
- Disease
- Outsmart the Aztecs
Spanish get a lot of support from rival empires
- Aztecs have a lot of enemies with in their own empire
  - When in battle the Aztecs not only face their own but also the Spanish
Huge advantage - diseases
- Small pox
- Measles
- Influenza
  - Virgin Soil Epidemic
    - People of Central America die by the millions - Population decimated
      - 1/10 of population survives - from 10-15 to about 2 million
      - In the Caribbean about all the population die
- Europeans got Syphilis from the Aztecs
  - Go crazy + blind
Spanish Victory paves the way for New Spain
- Spanish do not really colonize these areas
  - Spanish decided they do not need to
- Over 100 years about 225,000 Spanish move their
  - In comparison to English they sent 400,000 British in the first 100 years of colonization
STORY - Bernard Diaz de Castillo
Largest then most of the European Cities
Solider who was led to Tenochtitlan by Cortez
- Astonished by people, merchandize, and authority figure (police / soldiers)
- Slave market - great scale, comparable to Dutch
- All goods from NEW SPAIN were there
- Judges to inspect goods
- Montezuma - Ruler
- Temple you could see the entire entry routes in / out - canoes filled lakes

Lecture 3

Monday, September 10, 2007

7:08 PM

Spanish model of colonization is unique and incredibly effective model
- Most wealth possible to the Spanish Crown
  - Allowed Spain to become so rich that they do not need to move
  - Perfect model of how to ring in wealth from their empires
    - Sent most of the money to the Spanish crown
King sets up a very stringent and centralized beauracratic organization
- There is no form of representative government in North America
  - Ruled instead by people who were appoint by the crown and also loyal to the crown
    - Judges
    - Lawyer
    - Military
    - Clergy men
    - Beauracrats
- Makes sure that no operation is non profitable and very loyal to the crown
- Make sure taxes get paid
  - Not the same for their English counter parts
Spanish government granted merchants of Seville a monopoly on all trade from north America
- In return the merchants promise to
  - Pay for everything ( give all capital )
  - Also supply the labor
    - Mostly African Slaves
      - Could not use Indians as they have mostly died out
- Are in charge that everything goes well in colonies
- Trade was very heavily taxed
  - Trade out of new Spain is phenomenal
- First thing they do is set up an agrarian section of society
  - Large surplus of food and livestock
  - Set up huge plantation
    - Feed people in New Spain + Spanish + Sell rest to Europe
  - Use native American labor in order to supply all this food
Encomienda - each Spaniard which gets an estate
- On that estate there are Native Americans
  - Have to work for the land lords
  - "The way the Native Americans were paying for their 'education' through their interaction with the Spanish" (especially that of Christianity)
  - A lot of them run away, die - so African Slaves are brought in
- Sugar plantations are in the Caribbean which are highly profitable
  - Ran mostly by slaves
Most lucrative part of this deal was the silver mining
- Discovered in Mexico and in modern day Bolivia
  - Used money from trade to fund silver mines
- Bring so much money back to Spain
  - 16,000 tons of silver exported
- Spanish tax about 40% of all trade
  - Spanish Crown claims 20% of all the profits right off the top
  - Next 20% of trade goes to taxes
Spanish gain an incredible amount of wealth
- Create a massive army - Armada
- Conquer the Netherlands
- With all this money they become the super power of the world - incredibly intimidating
- The way they manage to keep control and settle new Spain
  - They Hispanicize the native Americans
Spanish Armada controls the seas
- European powers do not have the resources to expand
  - Problems at home
    - Reformation - 1517 - Martin Luther - a Catholic Priest
      - Selling of pardons - indulgences
      - Works - could automatically get you to heaven
      - Argued that only through faith can you get to heaven - Sola Fide
        You can gain faith only through the bible - Sola Scriptura
      - Wanted to reform the church but what happened was a rift
        Founded Lutheranism - more denominations of Protestantism
Many countries feel a religious conflict over this
- Germany splits into little principalities
- France
- England - 1529 - Henry VIII king of Spain wanted a divorce
  - Did so to get an heir
  - Starts his own Religion and marry Evelyn who is Protestant
    - Founds Anglican church aka Church of England
      - People feel betrayed
    - Same as Catholicism at first, King head of the Church
    - When King Henry VIII dies he has two daughters
      - Mary - is Catholic and becomes queen - more commonly known as bloody Mary
        Had protestants killed in the streets
      - Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I - comes to the thrown in 1558
- Daughter of Evelyn is Protestant and ends all religious infighting
  - Finally brings peace to the country
  - First person who has enough control in order to look beyond its borders
England makes the best wool in the world - incredibly lucrative
- Enclosure- fence up their lands and fill it up with sheep
  - Large unemployment
- Farmers are kicked out and flood the cities
Nobles have no inheritance therefore they are courting Elizabeth's court
- Trying to mooch off the royal money
New markets would be great for the country
- More money
- Takes a while however
Reasons to expand / problems colonization will solve
It would remedy their population crises
That it will help with political centralization
Create new Markets and bring in new goods

By the 1580's she is totally into colonization
- Humphrey - dies and never comes back
- Sir Walter Riley- almost succeeds in planting an English Colony
  - Founds colony of Roanoke
    - 110 women and children
      - Arrive with very little in supplies
      - Governor takes all the boats to go to England for supplies
        In 1558 the Spanish are fighting the English
        Conscribed all the ships to fight Spanish - takes him 2 more years
    - Colony disappeared by 1591
      - Found word Croatoan sketched on the side of a tree
English and Spanish are not the only ones colonizing the Americas
- Portuguese take Brazil
- Dutch create colonies in the Mid Atlantic
- French also create successful Colonies
  - 1603-1604 - king Henry IV - sends Samuel de Champlain
    - Explores Canada and sets up colonies
      - Colonies are based entirely on trade
        Furs
    - Do not send over a lot of people - keep good interaction between the natives + and Christianizing the Indians
      - Send the Jesuits
    - Never Rock the boat with Indians since it will affect Trade

Lecture 4

Wednesday, September 12, 2007

7:13 PM

First successful English colony is James town - 1607
- First ships of the Virginia Company left London in 1607 - 144 people
  - 39 died at sea
  - 46 died at winter
By 1608 - 35 colonist were left alive - did not want to stay in Virginia
- Next 20 years or so pattern
  - 1625 1,200 English men in Virginia - several thousand had gone over and died
- English expected Americas as a natural paradise
  - Advertisers embellished the truth's about colonial life
  - Weather humid
  - Native Americans not willing to work
- Hot in the summer and Cold in the winter
Huge change for the English - heavily effected by Spanish conquests and tales
- Flowing with gold and silver
- Fertile land + livestock
- Sugar
- Native Americans
  - Spanish claimed they were savages and cannibals
    - Gave a rational behind them being conquered
English painted a positive image of the Natives + land
- First couple of waves of Virginians expect to live in a land of plenty
- Colonists were very disillusioned
- Choosing James town was a bad idea
  - Marsh - swamp water - brackish water (undrinkable)
    - Mosquitoes
    - Flooding
    - Building
    - Farm
  - Up a big river - away from the Spanish (biggest threat)
Biggest killers were dysentery and malaria + scurvy (lack of vitamin C)
- Lots of people are getting sick
- The more people got sick the less able you are to produce food thus in turn more people get sick
  - "seasoning" - term given to the first years at the colonies
  - Problems with the Powhatan's
    - Strong organized confederacy of tribes
    - The Indians knew how to get food from this land - English didn't
      - Very stark contrast to Spanish-Native American religions
        English don't have troops, health, they need the Indians more
        Indian's have some antibodies
        Much better off than the Aztecs did
1607 - Powhatan was not surprised that Europeans arrived
- Powhatan had heard of the "white traitors" in France, Roanoke
- Powhatan had a large empire
  - Seemed as a very little threat to the confederacy
    - Men - farm and tend to fields and house - women's role in native American society
    - English seemed absurd
      - Powhatan saw them as some one they could use
      - Helped the English sometimes when they really needed it
        Did not mind to let English starve
English go to war with Native Americans
- 1644 - Powhatans kill off 1/4 of Virginia town population in one day
Leader of the Virginia colony realized there was no profit from colonies + people are dying
- John Smith- made it worse
1617 - John Rolfe the governor of James town plants tobacco
- After a decade the colonists found something worth it
- First shipment of tobacco in 1617 found a vast market
  - More labor
  - Tobacco will become a major thing in Southern Culture
Tobacco had been introduced to English by the Spanish
- Caught on as a fad - used as a medicine
- Incredibly expensive in Europe, especially for the English
- Tobacco grows so easily in Virginian soil
  - Grew everywhere
1620 - Virginia was shipping out 40,000 tons of tobacco a year
- Things still bad but there was finally profit
1622 - Virginia company is stripped of land grant and given as a royal colony
Two drawbacks to tobacco
- Can't eat tobacco
- Need more labor
  - Very large labor force needed to tend to tobacco
    - Initially Virginia company sent starving orphans as labor hands
      - Died out quickly from disease + starvation
Indentured servitude - indentured servants are people in England who sell their labor in return for a trip to Virginia
- 5-7 year contracts for trip
- Indentured servitude provided social mobility
- The English are fascinated with the idea of land ownership
  - Only people in England with land were nobility
  - In Virginia servants were promised 50 acres of land, tools, clothing at end - Head Right
    - Indentured servants were mostly field workers - treated pretty harshly
      - No protection under law
      - No family
    - Bad treatment + disease + diet meant that almost all of servants (2/3) do not live through to see their Head Right - masters keep it
  - 17th century - about 2/3 of immigrants were male indentured servants
    - No family
    - 18-30
  - Men out number women 3 to 1 - gives women more power
    - A lot of men do not live very long - 40
    - A lot of women end up having a lot of wealth
- Very unstable society - no social structures to help society keep in check
  - No churches
  - No real towns
- Danger to having all these indentured servants
  - Wealthy society is aware of this problem
    - Huge surplus of men who do not have land or anything else
  - Potential of serious trouble
- Representative government only covered wealthy land owners

Lecture 5

Monday, September 17, 2007

7:01 PM

Bacon's Rebellion - 1676
- Led by a elite white men - leads a band of landless servants
  - Also with people who had land but encroached on native land
  - Were not only white males, good amount of black indentured servants
  - Slavery was incredibly rare
- Annoyed by the lack of land
- Bacon kicks Governor Berkeley out his mansion
  - Declares him self Governor
- House of Burgesses - Virginia Legislature
- What makes them rich is that they own servants
  - Servants are needed to raise land - money is needed to buy servants
    - Richer get richer - poorer get poorer
    - Many indentured servants sometimes don't get land and if they do they get lands close to the Native Americans
- Result of this is that people are mad because of disparity between the rich and poor
- Bacon was very rich but he was unhappy
Bacon + his followers
- In the 1700's indentured servants were much cheaper than slaves
- First group came during the 1619 - Africans
- Most Africans were indentured servants - granted freedom after period
  - Term was longer
  - Incredibly equal as terms of treatment
    - Treated poorly - worked to death
- When bacon assembles army it is both black and whites -
- The difference between masters and servants was very stratified
  - Wealthy land owners - owned everything
  - Servants - free indentured servants - were in the same boat
- Bacons army wanted a stronger military presence against native Americans
- Interclass and interracial conflict
- Much Blood shed - natives - blacks - Virginians
- This troubled the Virginia Elite
  - Are vastly out numbered
  - The way they win is because Bacon died of dysentery
    - Army fell apart
  - Response - demonstrates a pattern which repeats it through American History
    - Solidify slavery + give more white men more rights
    - In order to control a threat from within the Virginia Elite decide to divide rebellion from with in
    - Redefining all black people as slaves - all white as free
      - Greater control over black slaves
      - Greater perception of freedom among whites
      - Conflict was redefined from one of class to one of race
    - Increasing social control
      - Blacks = slaves
Bacon's rebellion a turning point in slavery in America
- Men and women
  - Some became land owners and purchased their own servants
- 1640 - first case of lifelong servitude - John Punch
  - John Punch - Ran away from masters
    - Got caught and got punished by running away from master
  - Slavery was not mentioned in colonial or English law till 1701
    - Much profit from getting life long slaves
Indentured servitude better than slaves
- Same life expectancy
- Head right
- Much Cheaper
- Most didn't last to see head right or end of servitude
Slaves better than indentured servitude
- More indentured servants are living through to see their head rights
- More competition
- Lack of food
- Losing their land
- Frightened by this large class of people who are asking for political rights
- Mortality rate increased
- The expense of getting indentured servants was economically bad
  - Lifelong
- Supply of Indentured servants from England was decreasing
  - Peace and prosperity was raining on England
  - Harder to convince people to come
  - Less unemployed
  - Tobacco prices fall
    - Market is flooded
    - 1680's much better options
Head right when your done
Royal crown took more notice to kidnaps, lies
Replaced indentured servants with slaves because they were much scarcer and expensive
Cheap slaves from the Caribbean
- Already "seasoned"
- A lot less expensive
- Up to 1680's Dutch had a monopoly in selling slaves
  - After English start selling slaves
English slaves are very troublesome
- Expect to have the rights of an Englishmen - vote
  - Expect right to representation
- Slaves could be denied these rights
- English were Christians and believed that they shouldn't enslave other Christians
  - Africans were not Christians
If slaves bear children then they are also slaves
- Law which they are adopting from the Caribbean
- 1720's - slavery becomes much more prevalent in America
  - 1680 -5 % slaves
  - 1710 - 25%
Virginia Elite redefine all blacks as slaves
- 1705 Virginia has "slave codes"
  - If a slave women has a child that child is already enslaved
    - Contraire to English law which means you inherit from fathers
  - Even if you are Christian and African you can become a slave
  - Interracial marriage legal until 1691 - run out of the colony
  - 1690's free black are no longer allowed to employ white servants, hold office, testify in court, carry gun
  - Slaves had almost no rights
  - Made slave and black synonymous
- "encouraged a racial view of society"
Arguments
- Racism made slavery possible
- Need for labor and economic gain made racism

Lecture 5A

Monday, September 17, 2007

7:51 PM

Pilgrims - come seeking religious freedom
1608 - a group of guys the "pilgrims" call them self the separatists left England
- Got Royal approval
- Went to Holland - had religious freedom
  - Did not like Holland - too much freedom
    - Feared that their children would leave the faith
    - Community would fail
    - Too many temptations
- Separatists decide to found a colony
  - Got permission from James I to plant colony in Virginia
- Get London Merchants to fund the Voyage
  - Got King James I for a guarantee of land
  - Thought that they could make a lot of money
- Mayflower landed in November, 1620 in Massachusetts
  - Noticed that they were not in Virginia
  - Christened it "Plymouth" - home town
  - Created own civil government
    - May Flower Compact
- May flower Compact
  - Declares fidelity to the crown
  - New colonial government
1621 -
- after one year of barely surviving managed to harvest first crops With help of natives - have thanksgiving
- First governor is elected - William Bradford
- Bradford
  - Managed to get ownership away from Merchants in London - Bought back colony
  - Distributes land evenly among families
    - Settle, build a farm, family
  - Laid out colony as a town
    - Church as a center - family plots around
      - Every town in new England starts out with a church
- With the help of Bradford and native Americans ensured freedom
  - Remained a poor colony
    - Based around puritan values
1625 -
- Charles I - is pretty much a Catholic and persecutes puritans
- Throw puritans out of government - right to vote
- 1646-1661 - Civil war
- Charles is put on trial and then executed
- Puritan life is really bad
1630 -
- Rush of puritans out of England
- Found Massachusetts Bay
- Founders are mostly middle class merchants
  - Came in much larger numbers
- Puritans came down in family groups mostly
- With Permission of Charles I they are allowed to found colony in Massachusetts Bay
- Come in 17 boats - 1000 men, women, and children - Boston
Puritanism - was very unhappy with the Church of England
- English are Anglican by law
  - No separation between church and state
- Are not very impressed by the reformation
- Want to purify the church
  - Thought church was a disaster and needed to be purified
  - Separatists - Thought that the church was so awful that they had to separate
  - Mass. Bay founds - thought that they could purify the church from with in
Virginia + Massachusetts In both Cases these colonies are founded as economic ventures and by the crown

End of 1600's
Boston is the center of new world Trade

Boston
Boston is a great port city
- The wind are more favorable if you go north then across to Europe
Import a lot of English goods then are traded with in other colonies

Lecture 6

Wednesday, September 19, 2007

7:02 PM

Review: People living in New England

Most people are farmers
Religious middle class family
Soil is terrible - no main cash crop
Subsistence farming
- Growing enough crop for families to live
- Can't really grow everything their families need
  - Trade extra crops for goods
- Not farming to make a lot of money - as compared to Virginia which are looking for cash crop
Each family does its own labor
- Not growing commercially
People are not dying as fast as they are in Virginia
- Life expectancy by the end of the 17th century is 80
- People in New England are living a lot longer than Virginians and even England
- Life in New England is surprisingly healthy
- Have a lot of offspring - average woman gives birth to ten children
Creates a labor sources from with in
Puritans are religious - very strict
- Believe that the Church of England is too dressed up and too much like Catholic Church
- Calvinism
  - Is a protestant sect
  - Believes
    - Only get to heaven through faith
    - Only have that faith through the grace of God
      - Predestination - some people are predestined and some are not "elect"
        Only have faith if God gave it to you
        Humans are inherently evil and cannot help themselves (only God can)
- Separatists - believe that they have to act as a city on a hill - all eyes on you
  - Found colony to act as an example for the world (city on a hill)
    - God like, holy community, example for everyone to follow
- Puritans moved to North America for religious freedom but for themselves
  - Puritans are incredibly paranoid and cannot fail - if the com. fails means going to hell
    - Are not cool with outsiders - hang / burn Quakers
- Puritans believe that the devil is actively in New England trying to make the community fail
Salem witch trails
1692 - 1693 - In the town of Salem there erupts a series of witch trails
- Many women and men are accused and hanged for being witches
Salem witch trails are able to happen because of puritan world view
Witch trails were going on in England
Biggest witch trail in America
To be a witch you have to be in a pact with the devil
- Give him your soul
- Get Powers
  - Spells on people - cattle ? Pigs?
Very easy to accuse some one who did not fit the model
- Outsiders
- Family-less people
- Promiscuous
- Women
  - Widows
    - Very questionably people
  - Midwifes
Due to Christianity theology
- Adam and eve - women are considered the weaker
Prove
- Hearsay
Most are hanged
Only few are proved innocent
Accusations take on a hysterical tone
- The accused accuse others
  - In under a year the Church of England gets involved
  - Send ministers to investigate the investigation

Lecture 6A

Wednesday, September 19, 2007

7:47 PM

Middle Colonies

New middle colonies
- Delaware
- New Jersey
- New York
- Pennsylvania
Dutch own the middle colonies and are an economic power house
- Established them selves in New Netherland 1624
  - Found a city New Amsterdam at the mouth of the Hudson River
    - New York City
  - New Amsterdam became the trading center for the Dutch empire
  - Over the next 4 decades the Dutch expanded their empire to what is now
    - Connecticut
    - New York
- Established a trading fort (Fort Orange aka Albany)
  - Traded furs with native Americans
  - Iroquois
    - Confederation of native American tribes
    - Very powerful
  - Dutch are profiting greatly from trade
- Establish another trading post in New Castle - built on a Swede settlement
  - Gold sheltered harbor
Dutch are the Economic masters during the middle of the 1600's
- Through trade and slave trade which they took from the Portuguese
- Piracy on the Spanish
- Illegal trade with other countries
English hate the Dutch
- Especially because they are making so much money
- They have colonies in the middle of British Colonies
  - In danger
Mid 1600's the English have seen the Dutch as a great nuisance in the new world
English were already engaged in a war with the Dutch mostly over trade
- English captured new Amsterdam in 1664
  - Dutch take it back 1670 and then lose it again
- After 1670's the Dutch no longer have a presence in North America
By 1670's the English have taken over all the Dutch Colonies
- It doesn't only belong to England he gives it to his brother the Duke of York
- The duke of York doesn't move to America except he governs it as an absentee landlord
  - Sets up self government
    - Legislature
    - Appointed governor
  - Calls it New York
  - New York grows rapidly
  - Religiously tolerant community
  - Gives all Dutch the same rights as the English colonists
  - Local government does enforce religious tolerance
- The Duke of York gives the Jerseys (east and west jersey) to some of his political allies
  - Settle in 1660's
  - Religious tolerant colony
    - Attracts Puritans and Quakers
  - Land is cheap
  - 1703 becomes one Colony
  - Very diverse population
  - New Jersey is highly agricultural due to its missing port

one note

Monday, September 24, 2007

Lecture 1

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